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Biomedical subjects

J E Butler

Publications and source records attributed to J E Butler.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

A concept of humoral immunity among ruminants and an approach to its investigation.

My goal has been to piece together bits of information, both old and new, so as to provide you with some concepts of humoral immune function. Specifically I have described concepts of secretory immunity in two different organ systems, the lower respiratory tract and the mammary gland. Should these concepts not even survive this meeting or be proven incorrect by future research, I hope I have at least stimulated your thinking with an alternative view and challenged you to saw off the limb I have put myself on with the concepts I have presented. More than mere conjectural hypotheses, I have presented some data on the ELISA out of my belief that one approach to establishing concepts in humoral immunity depends on the ability to accurately and quantitatively measure the distribution of antibodies among isotypes. I have also shared with you some preliminary data on the transport of SIgA into bile and other secretion which will hopefully encourage others to finally establish the quantitative significance of locally synthesized versus serum-derived IgA in the various exocrine secretions of ruminants. Finally, I have dared to take ruminant immunoglobulin homology "back to sea"; perhaps this last topic will stimulate your palate if not your mind.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Pipkin Type-II fractures of the femoral head.

Ten patients with a Pipkin Type-II fracture of the femoral head associated with dislocation of the same hip were treated and followed for two to five years. Five of these ten fractures, which were reduced anatomically after closed reduction of the dislocation, were treated by traction. All five healed and no evidence of avascular necrosis was identified radiographically or clinically at follow-up. Of the remaining five patients who had an unsatisfactory closed reduction, four were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with two screws and one, by excision of the comminuted fragment. Four of these five patients had no complications and one had avascular necrosis requiring total hip replacement after one year.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The Frank Stinchfield Award Paper. Nutritional assessment of orthopaedic patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery.

This study confirms recent reports from other disciplines that show a high incidence of nutritional depletion among hospitalized patients. Preoperative assessments revealed a 50% incidence of subclinical nutritional depletion. Nutritional assessment is of value in the diagnosis, treatment, and continuing evaluation of the orthopaedic patient. Clearly the incidence and consequences of malnutrition in orthopaedic patients deserve further evaluation. Appropriate nutritional support needs to be more widely disseminated to and evaluated in this population. Whereas it is doubtful that sterile technique and operative procedures will be greatly improved in the foreseeable future, supportive nutrition therapy may offer the best prospect for immediate and substantial improvement in patient care.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

IgA, igG1, IgG2, IgM, and BSA in serum and mammary secretion throughout lactation.

Bovine IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM were measured in the serum and lacteal secretions of six cows from 10 days prepartum to 240 days of lactation. Immunoglobulins in lacteal secretions were expressed in units of concentration (mg/ml) as well as in total daily output. All isotypes were selectively accumulated during colostrum formation. The rate of IgG1 accumulation decreased rapidly after calving; this decrease corresponded to a return to normal serum levels of this immunoglobulin. Selective accumulation of IgA > IgM > IgG1 was maintained throughout lactation, but IgG2 showed no selective accumulation beyond 5 days postpartum. In serum, IgA and IgM levels were elevated at parturition and showed a significant decrease postpartum. Increases in serum IgA levels 60 days postpartum corresponded to a rise in lacteal concentration. The concentration of all immunoglobulins increased during late lactation, coincident with a major reduction in milk yield. Six strains of mastitis-causing organisms were cultured during the period of the experiment; however, none resulted in clinical mastitis or showed an effect on immunoglobulin secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Bovine-associated mucoprotein: I. Distribution among adult and fetal bovine tissues and body fluids.

Bovine-associated mucoprotein (BAMP), solubilized with water from the delipidated membranes of bovine milk fat globules, is not restricted to fat globules or to the alveolar epithelial cells from which they are formed. BAMP also has a widespread distribution on other bovine glandular epithelial cells and on undifferentiated cells in lymphoid germinal centers and in several fetal tissues. Free BAMP is present in bovine colostrum, milk, other secretory fluids, and in fetal serum but is absent from adult and colostrum-deprived calf sera. In bronchoalveolar fluids, BAMP is preferentially found in the mucus-rich fraction. BAMP is antigenically distinct from all adult serum proteins, free secretory component, beta 2-microglobulin, lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, and five different caseins. BAMP as a free protein constitutes one-sixth of the total amount of BAMP present in milk. The BAMP-related component of fetal serum lacks antigenic determinants present on the BAMP of milk as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and partial blocking of immunofluorescence. The fetal component is not fetuin or alpha 1-fetoprotein. These data suggest that BAMP may be useful in studies of the membranes of proliferating or differentiating epithelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Application of the amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: comparative quantitation of bovine serum IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM antibodies.

The comparative quantitation of serum antibodies to a defined antigen, using the amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (a-ELISA), has been demonstrated in a model system in which bovine immunoglobulins (Ig) IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM antibodies to human serum albumin (HSA) were measured. Comparative measurements are facilitated because the same enzyme-antibody complex is used for measuring all 4 isotypes. Serum dilutions from 1:100 to 1:50,000,000 were titrated and, when graphed logarithmically, yielded dose-response plots that contained a linear segment for all but IgA anti-HSA. Data obtained with whole serum and fractions enriched in IgA- and IgM-anti-HSA indicated that dimeric IgA antibodies may compete poorly with those of the IgM and IgG classes and that IgM antibodies are more avid than those of the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses. Plateauing of complete a-ELISA titrations at optical density (OD)400 nm values lower than those observed for their standard-curve counterparts was interpreted to result from saturation of the antigen. Quantitation was accomplished through the use of standard curves prepared by adsorbing purified, radiolabeled Ig of the 4 isotypes directly to polystyrene. These plots were also valuable in evaluating antiglobulin specificity and potency and for ascertaining linearity in the absence of the primary antibody to be measured, as well as standard curves for determining antibody content in absolute terms. The absolute amounts of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to HSA were simliar to those determined by quantitative precipitation and constituted about 25% of the total IgG1 and IgG2 in a hyperimmune bovine serum. Only 5% of the serum IgM was specific antibody to HSA. The specificity of various anti-bovine globulin reagents was further shown by demonstrating the charactristic distribution of IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA anti-HSA in serum fractionated on Sephadex QAE-50 and in sucrose density-gradients. Finally, data on the influence of enzyme-complex concentrations, complex-step incubation times, and the reaction kinetics of soluble antibody-enzyme complexes on a ELISA results are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Basophil chemotaxis under agarose: variability among guinea pig donors and response to sera of different species.

Guinea pig basophils were tested against chemotactic factor(s) generated from homologous and heterologous sera. An "under agarose" method of quantitating leukocyte chemotaxis was adapted to measure serum-derived basophil chemotactic factor(s) (BCF). The method was found to be simple, reproducible, and sparing of time and reagents and it provided simultaneous controls. Because of the economy of reagents compared with the Boyden chamber technique, basophils from individual guinea pigs could be studied and were found to be variable in responsiveness. A definite difference in the response of guinea pig basophils to zymosan-activated sera of various other species was demonstrated. Guinea pig basophils responded to zymosan-activated serum from guinea pig and rat but failed to respond to zymosan-activated serum from human, hamster, rabbit, or cow. Optimal conditions were determined for cell numbers, serum activation and dilution, and migration times for studies of guinea pig BCF. The under agarose technique provides a practical alternative to chamber methods for the study of basophil chemotaxis. Although guinea pig basophils do not respond to human serum-derived BCF, the economy of reagents with this technique gives promise toward adaptation of the method to studies of human basophil chemotaxis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Immunologic aspects of breast feeding, antiinfectious activity of breast milk.

The most apparent immunologic role of the mammary gland is supply to antibodies to the neonate. In cattle the gland must be able to secrete large quantities of IgG antibodies over a short time period to supply the offspring with protection against systemic pathogens. This is accomplished by selective transfer of IgG from serum to the gland followed by eventual absorption by the neonate gut. In all mammals, the mammary glands provide IgA antibodies specific for pathogens or antigens which enter or invade the neonatal gut. An entero-mammary cell circulation provides the mechanism for conveying such specificity to the lacteal IgA antibodies. Some IgA antibodies may also be derived from the circulation so that the quantitative significance of serum derived versus locally produced IgA in different species requires clarifications. IgG and IgG lacteal antibodies ingested by the neonate, provide short-term systemic and long-term enteric humoral immunity to the neonate. In addition to providing passive immunity, at least swine IgG appears to have a regulatory role in the development of the systemic humoral immune system of the neonate. Such a phenomenon may be general for IgG antibodies transferred in colostrum or in utero. While passive antibodies and immunoglobulins may be most important for the neonate, the many other potentially anti-infectious elements transferred in colostrum and milk may also play important roles. 'Bifidus' factor particularly, but also lysozyme and lactoferrin are probably all important although more convincing experimental data will be needed to support this assumption. Studies of cells of the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems in milk are more recent and their role in the neonate remains to be convincingly demonstrated. In summary, the immunologic and anti-infectious roles of the mammary glands are (1) Supply of IgA antibodies against enteric antigens to the neonate on a 'long-term' basis throughout lactation; (2) Short-term supply of IgG (and IgA) in Group II and III mammals for eventual absorption into neonatal serum; (3) The supply of numerous nonspecific factors such as 'bifidus factor,' lactoferrin, and lysozyme throughout lactation; (4) Regulation of the development of humoral immunity by an apparent feedback mechanism involving maternal IgG; (5) Self-protection of the gland by sensitized T-lymphocytes acting directly or using lymphokines on macrophages; and (6) Self-protection of the gland by secreted antibodies that may act in complement-independent cytolysis, as opsoins for polymorphonuclear-leukocytes or directly as agents preventing colonization.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The differential enzyme susceptibility of bovine immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G2 to pepsin and papain.

Purified bovine immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgG2 were subjected to enzymatic degradation with pepsin and papain. Results were monitored using density gradient ultracentrifugation, acrylamide electrophosesis and immunodiffusion employing subclass- and light chain-specific antisera. The results indicated a marked enzymatic susceptibility of IgG1 to digestion with pepsin. This differential susceptibility can also be demonstrated in unfractionated bovine gamma-globulin. No striking differences between the two subclasses were observed during treatment with papain in the presence of cysteine and after 24 h, most IgG1 and IgG2 was degraded to Fc and Fab fragments. The pepsin Fc fragment generated from IgG2 was larger than that generated from IgG1 although the F(ab')2 fragments were simialr in size. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the Fc region of IgG1 contains multiple cleavage sites for pepsin whereas IgG2 has few. Rabbits immunized with the first elution peak from a 30 h pepsin digest of bovine gamma-globulin fractionated on Sephadex G-150, responded primarily to common gamma-chain and IgG2-specific determinants. Thus, the differential susceptibility of bovine subclasses to pepsin provides a method for stimulating IgG2-specific antibodies in rabbits.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Amplification of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the detection of class-specific antibodies.

A modification of the standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described which circumvents the requirement for specifically purified antibodies from which antibody-enzyme complexes are made. The assay utilizes the principle of a soluble anti-alkaline phosphatase immune complex (AP-A-AP) and has been called the amplified ELISA. Methods for preparing and evidence for the specificity of rabbit anti-rat gamma-FC, IgM (mu) and IgA (alpha) are presented. These reagents are used to measure anti-DNP antibodies belonging to classes IgG, IgM and IgA in rat serum. Using antiglobulin and anti-enzyme reagents prepared in guinea pigs, anti-ovalbumin antibodies are measured in rabbit serum. Titration curves are similar when the amplified ELISA is compared to the standard ELISA. A change in slope suggesting an effect of saturation of antigen sites, occurs at the same input antibody concentration for both assays. Determination of the anti-DNP concentration of unknown sera by extrapopulation from titration graphs of a known serum suggests that the value is overestimated, i.e., amplified when the amplified ELISA is used. In addition, the amplified ELISA has an improved ability to detect low levels of antibody. Evidence is presented which illustrates how the use of optimally conjugated DNP-proteins, age of conjugates, and optimal dilutions of secondary antiglobulins and the AP-A-AP reduce non-specific binding in the amplified ELISA. The amplified ELISA is capable of detecting 2.4 ng of antibody to ovalbumin in a one: one million dilution of rabbit serum with high reproducibility and low background.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Incomplete inhibition of the immunoglobulin G-binding behavior of nitrated protein A.

Nitration of protein A with tetranitromethane incompletely blocks its Fc-binding ability for immunoglobulin G when measured by more sensitive methods of immunoprecipitation and when tested in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, binding of protein A and blockage by nitration is heterogeneous and depends on the species origin of the immunoglobulin G.

Animals↗