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Biomedical subjects

J D Sutton

Publications and source records attributed to J D Sutton.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

The influence of insulin and amino acid supply on amino acid uptake by the lactating bovine mammary gland.

Four lactating dairy cows received arterial infusions of insulin (1.41 U/h), an AA mixture (threonine, methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine at 5.87, 1.90, 3.55, 2.17, and 4.21 mmol/h, respectively), and a combination of the two in a 4 x 4 Latin square. The infusions were performed over a 3-d period directly into the extra pudic artery on both sides of the mammary gland, and samples were taken simultaneously of the downstream extra pudic arterial blood and also of subcutaneous abdominal venous blood. Blood flow was measured by dye dilution using p-amino-hippuric acid and was increased by 37% by infusion of insulin plus AA (P less than .05). Infusions of AA tended to increase the arteriovenous difference and uptake of the infused AA (P less than .05 for phenylalanine) and had varying effects on the uninfused AA. Inclusion of insulin in the AA infusion tended to increase uptake of infused AA, whereas infusions of insulin alone tended to decrease uptake. There were no significant effects of infusion on milk yield or composition.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1991

SLE: management overview.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus can often benefit from cooperative and collaborative interventions prescribed by both physicians and other arthritis health care professionals.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Intravenous pulsed steroids in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative dose study.

This prospective, double blind study was undertaken to test the efficacy of intravenous "minipulse" (100 mg) methylprednisolone (MP) therapy versus standard pulse (1000 mg) MP therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thirty-six patients with RA synovitis flares were randomized to receive either 100 or 1000 mg MP IV QD x 3 doses. These 2 universally comparable groups exhibited no statistically significant differences in their striking prompt and sustained clinical improvement. These data suggest that minipulse MP is as efficacious as conventional pulse MP in the treatment of RA flares.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Lisinopril: a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.

Lisinopril is a synthetic, nonsulfhydryl, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Its bioavailability is approximately 25% and is not affected by food. Hepatic metabolism is not required for pharmacologic effect, which occurs 1 hour after administration. Peak serum concentration and effect are delayed, occurring 6-8 hours after a single dose and lasting for at least 24 hours. The drug is eliminated primarily by the kidneys. The elimination half-life is 12.6 hours and is prolonged in renal impairment. Lisinopril 10-80 mg once a day is effective in lowering blood pressure in all grades of essential and renovascular hypertension. It is as effective as hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, metoprolol, and nifedipine. Combining lisinopril with hydrochlorothiazide produces a greater degree of blood pressure reduction. Patients with congestive heart failure have demonstrated immediate and prolonged beneficial hemodynamic effects and increased exercise tolerance. Lisinopril is well tolerated. Clinically significant drug interactions have not been reported, but caution should be used when lisinopril is administered with diuretics, nifedipine, or agents that may increase concentrations of potassium. The usual initial oral dosage of lisinopril is 10 mg once a day (range 20-40 mg/day). Lower dosages may be necessary in patients with renal impairment or congestive heart failure, elderly persons, and those receiving diuretics.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed1988

Influence of dose size on the disposition of trans-[methoxy-14C]anethole in human volunteers.

The influence of dose size on the metabolic fate of the naturally occurring food flavouring trans-anethole has been investigated in human volunteers, using the [methoxy-14C]-labelled compound. The doses chosen were: 1 mg; close to the daily intake in the diet from foods, 50 mg; approximating to the amount present in a normal measure of an anise-flavoured beverage, and 250 mg. The order of administration was randomized. The major routes of elimination of 14C were in the urine (54-69% of the administered dose) and as exhaled 14CO2 (13-17%). Dose size had no systematic effect on either rate or route of excretion. Urinary metabolites were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography, before and after treatment with beta-glucuronidase, and identified by comparison of their chromatographic mobilities with those of authentic standards. The principal metabolite (greater than 90% of urinary 14C) was 4-methoxyhippuric acid, accompanied by much smaller amounts of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and up to three other compounds, which were not examined further. The pattern of urinary metabolites was unaffected by dose size. These data are discussed with reference to the comparative metabolic disposition of trans-anethole in rats and mice, the species commonly used in toxicity testing and in which its fate exhibits a very marked dose dependence.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Feeding frequency for lactating cows: diurnal patterns of hormones and metabolites in peripheral blood in relation to milk-fat concentration.

1. The present paper reports the effects of dietary modifications on the diurnal pattern of concentrations of certain metabolites and hormones in the peripheral blood of lactating dairy cows. The cows were given fixed rations of hay and high-cereal concentrates in the proportions of 30:70 or 10:90 (w/w). The concentrates were given in either two or six equal meals daily; the hay was given twice daily. 2. Previous reports of the same experiment had shown that milk-fat yield and concentration were reduced by increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet and increased by more frequent feeding of the concentrates. These changes could be explained in part by changes in rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) proportions and mean daily concentrations of VFA, particularly propionic acid, and insulin in the peripheral blood, but these factors failed to explain all the increase in milk-fat concentration caused by more frequent feeding. 3. Analysis of blood samples taken at hourly intervals for 24 h at two stages of lactation showed that, in the cows fed six times daily, the concentrations of metabolites and hormones remained relatively constant over the day. In the cows fed twice daily, the concentrations of VFA, 3-hydroxybutyric acid and insulin all increased after both meals whereas the concentrations of glucose and growth hormone tended to fall. The concentration of non-esterified fatty acids tended to increase overnight and fall rapidly after the morning feed. The concentrations of glucagon, thyroxine and prolactin showed no clear pattern in relation to meals. The postprandial responses of propionate, insulin and growth hormone were greater with the higher concentrate diet. 4. The maximum concentration and the diurnal range of concentrations were reduced by more frequent feeding of both diets in the case of propionic acid and of the higher concentrate diet in the case of insulin, but the effects on insulin concentrations of more frequent feeding of the lower concentrate diet were smaller and not significant. The maximum concentration and the diurnal range of concentrations of growth hormone were unaffected by meal frequency. 5. It is concluded that the severity of milk-fat depression in cows fed twice daily is increased by the rapid rise in propionic acid concentration in the peripheral blood after a meal, which in turn increases insulin secretion and may be accompanied by a suppression of growth hormone release. This causes lipogenesis to be diverted towards adipose tissue at the expense of the mammary gland.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1988

Compartment models for estimating attributes of digesta flow in cattle.

1. The basic assumptions involved in one- and two-compartment models with age-independent distributed residence times (exponential, G1) for describing digesta flow are reviewed as the bases for describing families of one- and two-compartment models which assume age-dependent distributions (Gn) of residence times. 2. The two-compartment, age-independent model with exponentially distributed residence times (G1G1) yielded estimates of essentially equal rate parameters when fitted to faecal values for all four cows receiving a diet of 500 g coarsely chopped, sodium hydroxide-treated straw/kg and one of four cows receiving the same diet but with ground and pelleted straw. The incorporation of progressively higher orders of age dependency (G2-G6, Gn) into the faster turnover compartment of two-compartment models (GnG1) resulted in a resolution of equal rate parameters estimated by the G1G1 model and a reduction in standard errors for the rate and the initial concentration parameters. 3. The occurrence of equal rate parameters in two-compartment models indicated an age-dependent process; a process which could equally well be described by a one-compartment, age-dependent compartment having an order of age dependency equal to the sum of these orders in the two-compartment model with equal rate parameters. 4. The age-independent models overestimated time of first appearance in the faeces of a meal's particles. The association of age dependency with the faster turnover compartment resulted in earlier estimates for first appearance of the marked particles; estimates which were more consistent with observed first appearance. 5. The faecal excretion pattern from cows fed on the ground and pelleted straw diet exhibited an age-independent distribution of longer residence times which dominated approximately 80% of the later residence times. Age-dependent, one-compartment models gave a poor fit to such data from these cows fed on ground and pelleted straw. In contrast, age-dependent, one-compartment models provided an excellent fit to data from cows fed on chopped straw; data which indicated that age-independent distributions of residence times were much delayed in appearing or were totally absent. 6. The mean residence time for the slower turnover, age-independent compartment estimated from faecal excretional of stained particles from either diet was similar to that estimated from duodenal concentrations of the stained particles. This suggests that the slower turnover model compartment was confined to preduodenal sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Physical disability and psychosocial dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus.

One hundred six ambulatory outpatients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) seen during 1985 completed the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS). Mean HAQ disability, pain and global assessment scores were 0.66, 0.81 and 29.4, respectively, indicating a mild amount of impairment. Significant correlations were observed between increased disability, increased pain and worse global assessment, and poor psychosocial adjustment across all domains of the PAIS. Our data suggest that functional and psychosocial impairment are present in patients with SLE; the use of such measures as outcomes in longitudinal studies is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

A long-term evaluation of the treatment of osteoarthritis.

In a study of the long-term safety and efficacy of piroxicam (20 mg daily) in the treatment of osteoarthritis, 30 female patients with a mean duration of more than seven years of treatment were evaluated. Despite having had poor or no response with other drug therapies, in the majority of cases in which piroxicam was used half of the patients (15 of 30) reported feeling very good or good at their last visit, 13 said they felt fair, and only two reported feeling poor or very poor in terms of their sense of well-being. The incidence of adverse events was somewhat less than one event per patient year of exposure, and 94 percent of adverse events were mild or moderate. Laboratory measurements of drug safety did not reveal any evidence of renal, hepatic, or hematologic toxicity. It is significant that patients were willing to commit themselves to long-term piroxicam therapy for at least five years after an initial trial and that they preferred to continue taking the drug rather than switch to alternative forms of therapy.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Feeding frequency for lactating cows: effects on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites and hormones.

1. The present paper reports the effects on rumen fermentation and plasma metabolites and hormones of giving fixed rations of hay and high-cereal concentrates at different meal frequencies to lactating cows. In Expt 1 the total ration was given in two and twenty-four meals daily and in Expts 2-4 the concentrates were given in two and five or six meals and the hay in two meals daily. The diets contained 600-920 g concentrates/kg. 2. In Expt 1, minimum rumen pH was higher but mean pH was lower when cows were given their ration in twenty-four meals/d rather than two meals/d. 3. In all the experiments, the effects of increased meal frequency on the molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were small and not significant, although there was a general tendency for the proportion of acetic acid to increase and that of propionic acid to fall. Increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet reduced the proportion of acetic acid and increased the proportions of propionic and n-valeric acids. 4. In Expt 3, more frequent feeding was found to reduce the concentration of non-esterified fatty acids in the blood, but changes in other metabolites were small and not significant. Increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet reduced the concentrations of acetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid and increased the concentrations of propionic acid and glucose. 5. The mean daily concentration of insulin in the blood was reduced by more frequent feeding of the higher-concentrate diet but not of the lower-concentrate diet. The concentration of glucagon also tended to fall with more frequent feeding. Increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet increased the concentration of insulin. 6. More frequent feeding reduced the depression in milk-fat concentration caused by feeding the low-roughage diets. About three-quarters of the variation in milk-fat concentration could be related to changes in rumen VFA proportions, but the relations for the two meal frequencies had different intercepts although similar curves. The results suggest that milk-fat depression on low-roughage diets with twice-daily feeding was due to a change in rumen VFA proportions accompanied by elevated plasma insulin concentrations. The improvement in milk-fat concentration due to more frequent feeding could be explained partly by the small change in rumen VFA proportions and partly by a reduction in mean plasma insulin concentrations, but these mechanisms did not fully account for the milk-fat responses observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Long-term experience with piroxicam in osteoarthritis.

The long-term efficacy and safety of piroxicam 20 mg once daily in the treatment of osteoarthritis was evaluated in 30 patients--eight for three to five years, seven for six years, and 15 for more than seven years--for a total mean duration of six years. More than 93 percent (28/30) reported feeling well at the last visit, while 12 said they were either asymptomatic or had only mild symptoms. Total joint pain scores, total joint swelling and specific functional activity levels improved and remained improved throughout the study period. Side effects were relatively frequent but mostly in the mild to moderate class (159/166) and these were mostly gastrointestinal. Patients preferred remaining on the drug for a mean of six years rather than changing to alternative therapies made available to them.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Influence of dose and sex on the disposition and hepatic effects of cinnamyl anthranilate in the B6C3F1 mouse.

Cinnamyl anthranilate is a synthetic food flavouring and fragrance agent, formerly used at very low levels. There is currently some concern over the potential risk to man from its use, since it has been found to cause liver tumours in mice, following the administration of very large doses. This paper reports studies of its disposition and hepatic effects in B6C3F1 mice in relation to dose. Following a single oral dose of 500 mg cinnamyl anthranilate/kg body weight to B6C3F1 mice peak plasma levels of unchanged compound were reached in 30 min, and were higher in males than in females. Unchanged cinnamyl anthranilate in the urine accounted for 0.3-0.4% of the dose. Anthranilic acid (c. 17%) and hippuric acid (35%; the major metabolite of cinnamyl alcohol) were present in the urine, and recoveries of both were higher in females. Groups of male and female B6C3F1 mice were given 0, 10, 100, 1000, 5000, 15,000 and 30,000 ppm cinnamyl anthranilate in the diet. After 4 days, the diet was removed and urine collected for 24 hr. This contained cinnamyl anthranilate (more in males) hippuric and anthranilic acids (more in females) in concentrations that increased with dose. Other animals were given these diets for 19 days and then killed. Relative liver weight and hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 increased with increasing dose above 1000 ppm cinnamyl anthranilate, more markedly in males than in females although the maximum response (roughly twofold) was very similar in the two sexes. SDS-PAGE examination of the microsomes revealed the induction of a cytochrome P-450 isozyme of 53.1 kDa, but the aniline hydroxylase and p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activities of the 9000 g supernatant of liver were not induced. The data are discussed in terms of their significance for the human safety evaluation of cinnamyl anthranilate. It is important to note that liver hypertrophy, microsomal enzyme induction and the excretion of unchanged cinnamyl anthranilate all have the same dose-threshold for their appearance. This suggests that the hepatic effects of cinnamyl anthranilate may be mediated by unhydrolysed cinnamyl anthranilate, which is present only at very high doses due to the saturation of its hydrolysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Feeding frequency for lactating cows: effects on digestion, milk production and energy utilization.

The results are reported of four feeding experiments in which lactating cows were given fixed rations of hay and high-cereal concentrates at different meal frequencies. In Expt 1 the total ration was given in two and twenty-four meals daily and in Expts 2-4, the concentrates were given in two and five or six meals and the hay was given twice daily. The diets contained 600-900 g concentrate/kg. In all the experiments, more frequent feeding of these low-roughage diets reduced milk fat depression and increased milk fat yield. In each experiment the increase was greater with the diet containing the lower proportion of hay. There was no significant effect on milk yield, the protein or lactose contents of the milk or live-weight gain. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and energy was increased in one of the experiments but not in two others in which it was measured. More frequent feeding was calculated to increase the net energy secreted in milk and there was a tendency for it to increase the net energy in live-weight gain with diets containing 600 or 700 g concentrate/kg but to decrease it with diets containing 800 or 900 g concentrate/kg. These results are discussed in relation to theories of energy partition in lactating cows. It is concluded that at fixed feed intakes, the main response to increased meal frequency is likely to be a reduction in milk fat depression and that this will be confined to diets containing not more than about 200 g modified acid-detergent fibre/kg dry matter.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The hospitalized patient with arthritis.

Patients hospitalized with arthritis require the expertise of nurses with a solid medical and surgical background, a base upon which approaches to rheumatic disease can be developed. The nurse should play a primary role in planning a realistic and integrated schedule for meeting the patient's pharmacotherapeutic and rehabilitation needs, in reinforcing physical medicine principles and programs, and in serving as a liaison between patient and physician, patient and other health care providers, patient and family, and patient and community. The nurse is pivotal in assuring that the comprehensive care and educational needs of the patient with arthritis are met, whether hospitalized or in an out-patient setting.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1983

Molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract of East African wild ruminants.

The molar proportions of seven individual VFA's were determined at select sites along the gastrointestinal tract of sixteen species of East African wild ruminants. The resulting data were statistically analyzed for species effect, and for effects due to major feeding groups (browsers, grazers, fresh grass grazers, etc.) and for body weight groups (5-750 kg animals). Present data suggest that body weight, rather than diet, is the more influential factor in reticulo-rumen fermentation rate, and in the molar proportion of fatty acids present. The molar proportions of VFA's observed in the mid and hindgut of these wild ruminants appeared more responsive to diet and body weight of the animal than did foregut VFA values.

Animal Population Groups↗