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Biomedical subjects

J D Read

Publications and source records attributed to J D Read.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Witnessing-condition heterogeneity and witnesses' versus investigators' confidence in the accuracy of witnesses' identification decisions.

Undergraduate participants were tested in 144 pairs, with one member of each pair randomly assigned to a "witness" role and the other to an "investigator" role. Each witness viewed a target person on video under good or poor witnessing conditions and was then interviewed by an investigator, who administered a photo line up and rated his or her confidence in the witness. Witnesses also (separately) rated their own confidence. Investigators discriminated between accurate and inaccurate witnesses, but did so less well than witnesses' own confidence ratings and were biased toward accepting witnesses' decisions. Moreover, investigators' confidence made no unique contribution to the prediction of witnesses' accuracy. Witnesses' confidence and accuracy were affected in the same direction by witnessing conditions, and there was a substantial confidence-accuracy correlation when data were collapsed across witnessing conditions. Confidence can be strongly indicative of accuracy when witnessing conditions vary widely, and witnesses' confidence may be a better indicator than investigators'.

British Columbia↗
PubMed2000

"Amnesia" for summer camps and high school graduation: memory work increases reports of prior periods of remembering less.

Claims regarding amnesia for childhood sexual abuse have often been based on studies of adults' responses to questions of the form, "Was there ever a period of time when you remembered less of the abuse than you do now?" In this experiment, 43 adult (mean age = 42) participants rated their current and prior memories of several nontraumatic childhood/adolescent events. Reports of prior periods of less memory were fairly common. Participants then engaged in "reminiscence" or "enhanced" retrieval activities directed toward remembering more about a selected target event. Following retrieval, 35% of the reminiscence condition participants reported prior poor memory for the target event, as did 70% of the enhanced condition. These results highlight the need for appropriate control conditions in retrospective studies of amnesia for childhood trauma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Importance of adenomas 5 mm or less in diameter that are detected by sigmoidoscopy.

BACKGROUND: The need for colonoscopy in patients with adenomas 5 mm or less in diameter that are detected by sigmoidoscopy is controversial. METHODS: We prospectively determined the prevalence of proximal colonic neoplasms in asymptomatic patients at average risk for colorectal cancer, each of whose index lesion on screening fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy was a benign adenoma. Polyps found on sigmoidoscopy underwent biopsy, and colonoscopy was recommended to all patients with neoplastic polyps. Rectosigmoid adenomas were classified as diminutive (< or = 5 mm in diameter), small (6 to 10 mm in diameter), or large (> or = 11 mm in diameter). RESULTS: Of 3496 consecutive patients referred for sigmoidoscopy, 311 had neoplastic rectosigmoid polyps; 108 of these patients were excluded from the analysis because of a history of colonic neoplasia, symptoms, prior colonic evaluation, or incomplete follow-up data. The remaining 203 patients made up the study group, and all underwent colonoscopy. Neoplasms were found in the proximal colon in 40 of 137 patients (29 percent) with diminutive index polyps, 15 of 52 patients (29 percent) with small index polyps, and 8 of 14 patients (57 percent) with large index polyps. Advanced neoplasms (adenomas > or = 10 mm in diameter, adenomas with a villous component or moderate-to-severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or frank carcinoma) were found in 8 patients (6 percent), 5 patients (10 percent), and 4 patients (29 percent), respectively. Two patients with diminutive index polyps had proximal carcinoma in situ, and two had proximal stage I carcinomas; one patient with a large index polyp had proximal stage III carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The substantial prevalence of proximal colonic neoplasms, including advanced lesions, in asymptomatic average-risk patients with rectosigmoid adenomas < or = 5 mm in diameter warrants colonoscopy in these patients.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1997

The Read Thesaurus--creation and beyond.

The creation of the Read Thesaurus was a unique undertaking, involving over 2000 clinicians. This clinically-led, multidisciplinary enterprise posed many organisational and professional challenges. The process of term collection and integration and the problems encountered are described. A brief account is given of the large task of maintenance and refinement. This paper looks at the practical and cultural aspects and describes how problems were tackled by good organisation, clear guidelines and much goodwill.

Disease↗
PubMed1996

A language of health in action: Read Codes, classifications and groupings.

A cornerstone of the Information Management and Technology Strategy of the National Health Service's (NHS) Executive is fully operational, person-based clinical information systems, from which flow all of the data needed for direct and indirect care of patients by healthcare providers, and local and national management of the NHS. The currency of these data flows are firstly Read-coded clinical terms, secondly the classifications, the International, Classification of Disease and Health Related Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10) and The Office of Population Censuses and Surveys Classification of Surgical Operations and Procedures, 4th Revision (OPCS-4), and thirdly Healthcare Resource Groups and Health Benefit Groups, all of which together are called the "language of health", an essential element of the electronic clinical record. This paper briefly describes the three main constituents of the language, and how, together with person-based, fully operational clinical information systems, it enables more effective and efficient healthcare delivery. It also describes how the remaining projects of the IM&T Strategy complete the key components necessary to provide the systems that will enable the flow of person-based data, collected once at the point of care and shared amongst all legitimate users via the electronic patient record.

Classification↗
PubMed1995

Terming, encoding, and grouping.

There has been much confusion in the NHS in the UK as to the role of, and relationship between, the Read Codes, the ICD and OPCS-4, and HRGs. This paper describes the processes of "terming" (using the terms of the Read Codes), encoding (using the ICD and OPCS-), and grouping (using HRGs). The paper will illustrate how the three processes described are complementary and how all are needed in the chain of converting detailed clinical data from the terms recorded in the patient record into classification assignments required, for example, for national returns and into the groupings required, for example, for contracting in the NHS.

Disease↗
PubMed1992

Familiarity, memorability, and the effect of typicality on the recognition of faces.

Typical faces are more poorly discriminated on tests of recognition than are atypical faces, an effect suggested to mediate similar findings for attractive or likable faces. We tested the hypothesis that the effect of typicality on recognition is a function of context-free familiarity and memorability, which function in opposition. Two orthogonal principal components were extracted from subjects' ratings of faces for typicality, familiarity, attractiveness, likability, and memorability--one consisting of the ratings of familiarity, attractiveness, and likability, and reflecting context-free familiarity, and the other consisting of the memorability rating. As expected, typicality loaded equally (r approximately .66), but with opposite sign, on both components. In subsequent experiments, both components were found to be significant and additive predictors of face recognition with no residual effect of typicality. General familiarity decreased discrimination, and the memorability component enhanced it, supporting the hypothesis. The results are discussed in terms of the mirror effect.

Adult↗