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Biomedical subjects

J D Hawkins

Publications and source records attributed to J D Hawkins.

52 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

The social networks of drug abusers before and after treatment.

Changes in the social networks of a sample of 38 drug abusers are studied from pretreatment to 1 and 3 months following treatment. Overall network composition changed to include fewer drug users and fewer long-term acquaintances. While the pretreatment networks of those who used opiates and those who did not use opiates in the follow-up period were virtually the same, the posttreatment networks of opiate abusers contained greater social influence toward drug use following treatment. Implications for treatment are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The social networks of opioid abusers.

Using social network analysis, the pretreatment social networks of 106 street drug abusers are examined. While no significant sociodemographic differences are found between opioid and nonopioid abusers, eight significant univariate differences in the characteristics of their social networks are reported. Four of these differences account for 32% of the variation between the two groups of abusers. The social networks of opioid abusers appear significantly less conventional than those of nonopioid abusers; however, opioid abusers appear less committed to the values and behaviors displayed by their network members. Network reconstruction is discussed as an explicit, empirically supportable rehabilitation strategy.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A single-step assay for lidocaine and its major metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide, in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography and nitrogen phosphorus detection.

A single-step extraction method for the analysis of lidocaine and its primary metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX), is described. Alkalinized plasma or serum is extracted with ethyl acetate. Trimecaine is used as the internal standard. One microliter of the ethyl acetate extraction solvent is injected directly onto a Carbowax-KOH column fitted to a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. This procedure provides a rapid and reliable analysis for lidocaine and MEGX, requires only a single glass tube, and eliminates back-extractions and solvent evaporation.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1975

Trypanosomes and experimental trypanosomaisis in East African bats.

Using the haematocrit centrifuge technique, four hundred and twenty-seven bats from East Africa were examined for trypanosome infections. Approximately 21% of the bats were found to be infected. The infection rate varied from zero to 73.3%. No trypanosome was found in fruit-eating bats (Megachiroptera). Three species of trypanosomes were found in insect-eating bats (Microchiroptera), none of the trypanosome was infective to mice or rats. The trypanosomes encountered in the survey were Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) vespertilionis, T. (Megatrypanum) heybergi, and T. (M). mpapuense. New descriptions based on abundant materials are given for each of the species. Trypanosoma rhodesiense and T. brucei produced a much more chronic infection in insect-eating bats (Tadarida condylura) than in mice. Since it is known that some species of Glossina feed on bats, we raised the possibility of insect-eating bats as potential reservoirs of these trypanosomes. In experiments fruit-eating bats seem to be much more susceptible to T. brucei than the insect-eating bats. T. vivax is not infective to bats.

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

LD and delinquency: rethinking the "link".

Longitudinal data from a 7-year prospective study was examined to investigate whether the presence of learning disabilities (LD) increases a youth's risk of becoming a juvenile delinquent. The sample included 515 students enrolled in the fifth grade in the fall of 1985, 51 (9.9%) of whom were youth with LD. Self-report data on delinquent activity were collected in the spring of 1993. Official court records were obtained for the years 1985 through 1992. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed using a block of three demographic variables (gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status) as predictors in the first step and including LD status in a second step. Seven separate analyses were performed, using different measures of delinquency as criterion variables. In no case did LD status account for a significant portion of unique variance in the delinquency variables when the demographic variables were controlled for. The results of this study did not confirm the presence of a direct relationship between LD and delinquency and suggest that the finding of a direct relationship in other studies may have been due to confounding of the LD status with age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aftercare in drug abuse treatment.

Preventing relapse among treated drug abusers is the primary goal of aftercare. This paper identifies posttreatment factors associated with relapse and links these findings to known aftercare approaches. The literature on the effectiveness of these approaches is summarized and limitations in this literature are noted. Promising directions for policy, program development, and research (R&D) in aftercare are described.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the effectiveness of adolescent drug abuse treatment, assessment of risks for relapse, and promising approaches for relapse prevention.

A review of controlled evaluations of adolescent and other drug abuse treatment programs concludes that some treatment is better than no treatment, that few comparisons of treatment method have consistently demonstrated the superiority of one method over another, that posttreatment relapse rates are high, and that more controlled studies of adolescent treatment which allow evaluation of the elements of treatment are needed. In the absence of the clear superiority of specific treatment techniques, it is suggested that examination of factors related to relapse can provide an empirical base for identifying effective treatment approaches. Pretreatment, during-treatment, and posttreatment factors related to relapse are reviewed from existing studies of adolescent treatment. Program components are suggested which have been associated with or hold promise for reducing factors associated with higher relapse rates and increasing factors associated with lower relapse rates.

Adolescent↗