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Biomedical subjects

J Clemens

Publications and source records attributed to J Clemens.

86 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Follow-up of children discharged from hospital after treatment for diarrhoea in urban Bangladesh.

To determine the subsequent mortality of urban children in Bangladesh after an episode of diarrhoea we visited 74 children aged 2 to 5 years in their homes four months after they had received treatment for diarrhoea at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). Parents and health workers were questioned about their perceptions of the nutritional status of the children at this time. Although 43% of the children were severely malnourished and 28% were moderately malnourished at the time of presentation to ICDDR,B only two deaths (3%) had occurred in the cohort during follow-up. No deaths were noted for the severely malnourished two year old group, which contrasts with the high post-discharge mortality (33%) in similarly malnourished two year old Bangladeshi children living in rural areas (p = 0.004) at the time of follow-up parents were significantly (p = 0.02) less likely than health workers to recognize malnutrition in the children. We suggest that there may be substantial rural-urban differences in the survival of children after receiving treatment for diarrhoea. Further, we note that parental under-recognition of malnutrition may impede the nutritional rehabilitation that is necessary to avert much of the morbidity and mortality that ensues after an episode of diarrhoea.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1985

The urban volunteer programme in Dhaka: a community based primary health care and research initiative.

In response to a recognition that existing health facilities could not adequately reach the poorer sections of Dhaka city, the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) established the Urban Volunteer Programme in 1981. This paper describes the primary health care and research activities of this program and suggests that such an approach can be and should be used in other urban areas of developing countries.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Application technique and slurry co-fermentation effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions after spreading: I. Ammonia volatilization.

Ammonia emissions after spreading animal manure contribute a major share to N losses from agriculture. There is an increasing interest in anaerobic co-digestion of liquid manure with organic additives. This fermentation results in a change of physical and chemical parameters of the slurry. Among these are an increased pH and ammonium content, implying a higher risk of NH3 losses from fermentation products. To compare different application techniques and the effect of fermentation on NH3 volatilization, we used the standard comparison method and tested it for reliability. This method seems to be perfectly suited for experiments with a large number of treatments and replicates if prerequisites concerning the experimental layout are considered. We tested four different application techniques on arable and grassland sites. The more the substrate was incorporated into the soil or applied near the soil surface on the grassland site, the less NH3 was lost. Injection of the substrate reduced losses to less than 10% of applied NH4+ on both sites, whereas losses after splash plate application amounted to more than 30%. Trail shoe application on grassland performed as well as injection. Harrowing on arable land also reduced emissions efficiently, if harrowing occurred within the first 2 h after application. Emissions from trail hose-applied co-fermentation product were not greater than from unfermented slurry. Better infiltration of the less viscous substrate seemed to have compensated for the increased loss potential.

Ammonia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Application technique and slurry co-fermentation effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions after spreading: II. Greenhouse gas emissions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different application techniques on greenhouse gas emission from co-fermented slurry. Ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) emissions were measured in two field experiments with four different application techniques on arable and grassland sites. To gather information about fermentation effects, unfermented slurry was also tested, but with trail hose application only. Co-fermented slurry was applied in April at a rate of 30 m3 ha(-1). Measurements were made every 4 h on the first day after application and were continued for 6 wk with gradually decreasing sampling frequency. Methane emissions were <150 g C ha(-1) from co-fermentation products and seemed to result from dissolved CH4. Only in the grassland experiment were emissions from unfermented slurry significantly higher, with wetter weather conditions probably promoting CH4 production. Nitrous oxide emission was significantly increased by injection on arable and grassland sites two- and threefold, respectively. Ammonia emissions were smallest after injection or trail shoe application and are discussed in the preceding paper. We evaluated the climatic relevance of the measured gas emissions from the different application techniques based on the comparison of CO2 equivalents. It was evident that NH3 emission reduction, which can be achieved by injection, is at least compensated by increased N2O emissions. Our results indicate that on arable land, trail hose application with immediate shallow incorporation, and on grassland, trail shoe application, bear the smallest risks of high greenhouse gas emissions when fertilizing with co-fermented slurry.

Ammonia↗