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Biomedical subjects

J Cleary

Publications and source records attributed to J Cleary.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Multicomponent intervention for agitated behavior in a person with Alzheimer's disease.

We evaluated a multicomponent intervention for agitated behavior in a man with probable Alzheimer's disease. Hypotheses about variables controlling his agitated behavior guided intervention design. Based on staff interviews, direct observations, and brief experimental probes, intervention components were chosen to increase rate of reinforcement and decrease aversive aspects of his job. Intervention reduced agitated behavior without disrupting his work rate.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The influence of pharmacogenetics on opioid analgesia: studies with codeine and oxycodone in the Sprague-Dawley/Dark Agouti rat model.

In the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat, the O-demethylation of codeine to morphine is catalyzed by cytochrome P4502D1 (CYP2D1), which is absent in the female Dark Agouti (DA) rat. Oxycodone is similar in structure to codeine but, in contrast, has an analgesic potency in humans similar to morphine. The aim of the study was to test whether the DA rat and the SD rat pretreated with the CYP2D1 inhibitor quinine showed attenuation in analgesia to codeine and oxycodone. With the use of the tail flick model, dose-response curves were constructed to codeine, morphine, oxycodone and oxymorphone (the O-demethylated metabolite of oxycodone) in both rat strains. Codeine did not induce analgesia in the DA rat and there was a 60% reduction in codeine analgesia in the SD rat pretreated with quinine in comparison to the untreated SD rat. In the DA rat, the ED50 to oxycodone was increased 10-fold but there was a significant (P = .0001) prolongation in the duration of analgesia in comparison to that in the untreated SD rat. In the quinine-pretreated SD rat, there was no reduction in oxycodone analgesia but the duration of analgesia was also prolonged. It was concluded that 1) codeine-mediated analgesia requires the formation of morphine through the functional activity of CYP2D1 and 2) oxycodone-mediated analgesia may only be partly dependent on CYP2D1.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1993

[Leu31,Pro34]neuropeptide Y (NPY), but not NPY 20-36, produces discriminative stimulus effects similar to NPY and induces food intake.

Rats were trained to discriminate between an intracerebroventricular injection of 1.15 nmol of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and a sham injection. Rats rapidly learned to press the appropriate lever during training. NPY's discriminative stimulus effects were compared to those of saline, and 1.15-3.45 nmol [Leu31,Pro34]NPY, a Y1 receptor agonist and NPY 20-36, Y2 receptor agonist. [Leu31,Pro34]NPY resulted in NPY-appropriate responding, whereas saline and NPY 20-36 did not. [Leu31,Pro34]NPY also increased food intake, but NPY 20-36 did not. This suggests that NPY's discriminative stimulus and orexigenic effects involve the Y1, but not the Y2, receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Cyclic ADP-ribose induced Ca2+ release in rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The Ca(2+)-mobilizing metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) has been shown to release Ca2+ from ryanodine-sensitive stores in many cells. We show that this metabolite at a concentration of 17 microM, but not its precursor beta-NAD+ nor non-cyclic ADPR at the same concentration, is active in releasing Ca2+ from rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. The release was not sensitive to Ruthenium red (1 microM) nor to the ryanodine receptor-specific scorpion toxin Buthotus1-1 (10 microM). In planar bilayer single channel recordings, concentrations up to 50 microM cADPR did not increase the open probability of Ruthenium red and toxin-sensitive Ca2+ release channels. Thus Ca2+ release induced by cADPR in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum may not involve opening of ryanodine receptors.

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose↗
PubMed1992

Raman, fluorescence, and time-resolved light scattering as optical diagnostic techniques to separate diseased and normal biomedical media.

Studies of Raman scattering, fluorescence and time-resolved light scattering were conducted on cancer and normal biomedical media. Fourier transform Raman spectroscopic measurements were performed on human normal, benign and cancerous tissues from gynecological (GYN) tracts. A comparison of the intensity differences between various Raman modes as well as the number of Raman lines, enables one to distinguish normal GYN tissues from diseased tissues. Fluorescence spectroscopic measurements on human breast tissues show that the ratio of fluorescence intensity at 340 nm to that at 440 nm can be used to distinguish between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues. Separate studies on normal and cancerous breast cell lines show spectral differences. The measurements of back-scattered ultrafast laser pulses from human breast tissues show differences in the scattered pulse profiles for different tissues. These studies show that various optical techniques have the potential to be used in medical diagnostic applications.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1992

Effects of methadone on free feeding in satiated rats.

A variety of opioids and opiates are known to increase short-term food intake. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of methadone on free feeding in satiated rats. We assessed the effect of methadone (0, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) on food intake 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after injection for 3 consecutive days. Two hours after methadone administration, food intake was inversely related to dose, but after 6 h a direct relationship between dose and feeding was obtained. Food intake increased with repeated methadone administration. In Experiment 2, methadone (5.0 mg/kg) was injected and food was made available 0, 1, 2, or 3 h later. Maximal food intake occurred in the third and fourth hours following methadone administration. As in Experiment 1, food intake increased with repeated methadone administration. Increases in food intake following repeated methadone administration may have been due to the development of tolerance to effects of methadone that may interfere with feeding, such as sedation. In Experiment 3, methadone was administered daily or every fifth day, assuming that spacing injections would retard tolerance development. Repeated daily methadone administration was associated with increased food intake earlier in the session, whereas increases in food intake following spaced methadone administration occurred later in the session. These data indicate that methadone increases short-term feeding in satiated rats. This is in contrast to the reported decrease in food-reinforced behavior noted in operant studies. This contrast may be due to sedating or other disabling effects of methadone.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of neuropeptide Y on food-reinforced behavior in satiated rats.

The effect of NPY on behavior and food intake of food-satiated rats was examined under three different food availability conditions. Food was available during times when rats normally do not eat under either a fixed-ratio or fixed-interval reinforcement schedule, or it was freely available in the bottom of the cage (FF). Forty responses were required for each 45-mg food pellet under the ratio schedule (FR 40) and for the first response to occur 15 s after the previous reinforcement under the interval schedule (FI 15"). NPY (5 micrograms) significantly increased food intake under all conditions and increased food-reinforced responses under the FR and FI schedules. NPY's effect on food intake was greatest when food was freely available and least for rats working under the schedule requiring the most effort (FR 40). Food intake peaked after 3 days under repeated daily administration of NPY. Under free food access and under the fixed-interval schedule, eating and/or responding occurred almost immediately following the onset of the initial 4-h session under NPY. However, during the first session following NPY administration under the FR, rats emitted few responses during the first 2 h of the session. The onset of robust responding under the FR schedule began earlier with each successive daily administration of NPY. These data show NPY substantially increases food-maintained behavior and is a potent inducer of food intake even under conditions where considerable effort is required to obtain food. Further, the conditions under which food is made available can dramatically alter NPY's effect on the temporal pattern of food-maintained responding, feeding, and latency to eat.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Detecting fractures of the scaphoid: the value of comparative X-rays of the uninjured wrist.

Pain or tenderness in the anatomical snuff-box following trauma suggests an injury to the scaphoid or surrounding soft tissues. It is often difficult to make a definite diagnosis since normal bone markings across the scaphoid can be misinterpreted as a fracture. To clarify whether a fracture is present or not, an X-ray of the uninjured scaphoid is taken in a comparable position to the most suspicious view. If bone markings are similar on both views, then a fracture can be excluded. Conversely, if the bone markings differ, then suspicion of a fracture may be confirmed. In combination with the clinical features, a more accurate diagnosis can be made and unnecessary out-patient and X-ray reviews can be avoided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A new paradiscal injection technique for the relief of back spasm after chemonucleolysis.

Back spasm, or spasm of the back muscles, is the commonest adverse reaction encountered after chemonucleolysis. In order to overcome this troublesome complication, the authors present a new 'paradiscal injection technique'. After the injection of chymopapain into the affected disc, the needle is withdrawn to just outside the annulus. Bupivacaine is injected into the paradiscal 'space' which acts upon the paravertebral muscles. Eighty consecutive patients have been treated by chemonucleolysis with paradiscal injection for pain relief. All patients were discharged the same day or the following day and no immediate complications occurred. When reviewed 3 weeks later, only three (3.8%) patients complained of back pain (which was different in character to that present before the injection or was exacerbated by the injection). Pain persisted in the same patients until 6 months after the injection but was negligible. None of the remaining patients had developed back pain as a result of chymopapain. The authors suggest that the addition of paradiscal injection of bupivicaine after cymopapain injection can reduce the incidence of spasm of the back muscles. This technique is a major contribution to increasing the efficacy of chemonucleolysis for the treatment of herniated lumbar disc.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The discriminative stimulus effects of neuropeptide Y.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an endogenous peptide which strongly induces food intake, is demonstrated to have discriminative stimulus properties when administered intracerebroventricularly. Rats rapidly learned to press the appropriate lever during training. NPY discrimination was dose-dependent. NPY's discriminative stimulus properties were compared to those of two doses of Peptide YY (PYY) and 24 and 48 h of food deprivation, conditions which also increase feeding. Both doses of PYY generalized to NPY, supporting previous findings that PYY has effects similar to NPY. Although food deprivation increases feeding in a manner similar to NPY, food deprivation did not result in NPY-appropriate responding.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Modelling length bias in a longitudinally-linked record system of HIV cases.

We compare numbers of hospital admissions for intravenous drug using (IVDU) HIV patients and other HIV patients in acute-care facilities in New York State. Data consist of routinely collected hospital-discharge reports from New York's Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System, linked into longitudinal case histories. Because recognition of an IVDU depends on an opioid diagnosis on any record in the case history, the observed distribution of the number of admissions per case for recognized IVDU's is biased towards greater numbers of admissions. We develop and apply a model to overcome this biasing. Our findings reveal that the mean numbers of admissions for the two groups differ significantly, but less so than without recognition of the length biasing.

Bias↗
PubMed1991

Drivers' elbow: a cause of ulnar neuropathy.

The ulnar nerve is vulnerable to compression and vibration injury in drivers who have the shoulder abducted and elbow flexed with the arm lying against the lower edge of the window. Three cases of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow are described in vehicle drivers.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Upper limb fractures in rugby in Huddersfield 1986-1990.

Most injuries sustained by rugby players affect the soft tissues, and fracture is relatively uncommon. Whereas the lower limb is most affected in footballers, the upper limb tends to be injured in rugby players. Thirty consecutive fractures and ten dislocations affecting the upper limb, sustained by 35 rugby players, are reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Internal fixation of closed tibial fractures for the management of sports injuries.

From 1985 to 1988, 90 closed tibial fractures were prospectively studied to assess the morbidity of such injuries to sports people and how this can be influenced by treatment regimens. All fractures were sustained during rugby or football matches. After random selection, 45 fractures were openly reduced and internally fixed (group A), and 45 fractures were manipulated under general anaesthesia and a long-leg plaster applied (group B). For patients in group A, below-knee plasters were used for 3 to 4 weeks, with immediate weight-bearing when tolerated. A total of 44 (98%) tibiae united clinically and radiologically within 14-18 weeks. Within 4 months of surgery 28 (62%) patients had returned to work and were able to play again by the following season. By 6 months 17 (38%) patients had resumed normal activities. In group B, only 24 (53%) tibiae united in a mean time of 16 weeks (range 12-40 weeks). Six (13%) patients required bone grafting for non-union, and one patient subsequently developed osteomyelitis. Only ten (22%) patients were back to work and playing sport again within 6 months of initial injury. It is concluded that internal fixation of closed tibial fractures as a primary procedure following low velocity sports injuries can be safely performed. It leads to a faster return to normal activities with fewer complications than does conservative treatment in plaster using contemporary methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Anterior dislocation of the restrained shoulder: a seat-belt injury.

The reduction in morbidity and mortality since the enforcement of seat-belt usage is well documented. Complications from the belt are also reported and the authors present anterior dislocation of the restrained shoulder, an injury not previously described. The mechanism of injury is explained and a change to the present standard of restraints is suggested.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1991

The use of a tourniquet when plating tibial fractures.

Sixty closed fractures of the tibia were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with plates and screws. Half the operations were performed with a thigh tourniquet and half without. In the tourniquet group, there were six cases with erythema and induration of the wound; in the other group there were no such complications. Despite negative bacterial cultures, superficial infection of the inflamed wounds was suspected. It is suggested that a tourniquet may predispose tissues to infection, and its use is not recommended during operations for internal fixation of the tibia.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects on opioid-induced rate reductions by doxepin and bupropion.

Twelve pigeons key-pecked under a multiple variable interval 15-second, variable interval 150-second schedule of food reinforcement. Effects of two opioid drugs, buprenorphine and methadone, were determined alone and in combination with chronic daily administration of the antidepressants doxepin or bupropion. Methadone initially produced dose-dependent key-pecking rate reductions when administered acutely, prior to the session, while buprenorphine produced key-pecking rates that reached a plateau at 50-80% of baseline rate and were not reduced further by higher doses. Neither doxepin nor bupropion, given alone, had lasting effects on key-pecking rates. Chronic daily doxepin administration significantly attenuated methadone-induced response rate reductions. Bupropion reduced the effect of the highest methadone dose, but this effect was mitigated by the development of opioid tolerance. Unlike bupropion, doxepin interfered with the development of opioid tolerance. Neither antidepressant systematically altered effects of buprenorphine on key-pecking.

Animals↗