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Biomedical subjects

J Chamberlain

Publications and source records attributed to J Chamberlain.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Disposition of cefotaxime in rat, dog and man.

The excretory pathway for the elimination of 14C-cefotaxime (14C-HR 756) was found to be the same for rat, dog and man with elimination into the urine being the most important route, accounting for greater than 80% of the dosed radioactivity. The amounts of unchanged cefotaxime eliminated in the urine ranged from 20-32% in rat and dog to 56% in man. The major metabolite in each species was the microbiologically active desacetyl cefotaxime, which was present in both plasma and urine. Two further metabolites, recently identified as the stereoisomeric forms of the opened beta-lactam ring form of desacetyl cefotaxime lactone were also found in the urine of dog and man.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Improving the effectiveness of cervical cancer screening.

A review of 100 cases of invasive cervical cancer was designed to assess what changes in cervical screening services might be most effective in reducing mortality. In 68 cases there had apparently never been screening: no system of individual invitation existed for unscreened women. In 10 cases the last smear was reported as normal over five years earlier: a five-year recall system existed but was inefficient. In 13 cases suspicious cervical smear reports had not been followed up adequately. Two cases might have been diagnosed earlier, in spite of ;normal or inflammatory' smears, if the symptoms had been fully elicited. For the remaining seven cases one or more smear was reported as normal within five years of diagnosis of invasive cancer. Overall, 15 cases might have been picked up earlier if suitable opportunities for screening which did arise had been exploited. It was concluded that a substantial proportion of these 100 women might have received treatment at an earlier stage solely by the rigorous implementation of the present screening policy.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Explaining participation in programmes for the early detection of breast cancer: a comparative analysis.

A trial to evaluate different methods for the early detection of breast cancer is being carried out in the United Kingdom. Its success depends, in part, upon achieving a high rate of participation. The study presented here examines and compares the health beliefs, health behaviour and socio-demographic characteristics of attenders and non-attenders at (i) a breast screening clinic, and (ii) a class teaching breast self-examination (BSE). The results show that attenders at one or other of the two services had much in common. However, attenders at the class appeared to be motivated by stronger feelings of vulnerability to breast cancer than attenders at breast screening. Also, differences in social class and educational background were found to be associated with attendance/non-attendance at the BSE class, but not associated with attendance at the breast screening clinic.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Controlled trial of faecal occult blood testing in the detection of colorectal cancer.

20 525 patients from general practitioners' lists were randomly allocated into test and control groups. The 10 253 test subjects were invited to perform haemoccult faecal occult blood testing over 3 days. 3613 (36 . 8%) of the 9807 who received their invitations completed the test. Compliance was improved by direct invitation from the general practitioner and by prior health education by letter or interview. 77 people (2 . 1%) had a positive test result, and 50% of these on investigation had neoplastic disease--12 had invasive carcinomas (9 Dukes' stage A, 2 stage B, 1 stage C) and 27 had 40 adenomas (12 over 2 cm, 2 of which contained areas of severe dysplasia). In the year following the screening test 1 carcinoma (stage C) has presented in the group which accepted the test, and 10 carcinomas (4 stage B, 4 stage C, 2 stage D) have presented in the control group. This respresents a 3 . 6 times greater detection rate per 1000 persons in the test group than in the control group. Only 8 adenomas have presented in the control and non-responding groups. Fibreoptic sigmoidoscopy identified the 10 carcinomas within its range and 39 of the 40 adenomas. Double-contrast barium enema identified only 9 of the 12 carcinomas and 24 (62%) of the 40 adenomas. All 3 carcinomas not identified by barium enema were polypoid Dukes' stage-A lesions.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1983

Compliance with a class teaching breast self examination.

As part of the evaluation of a class teaching breast self examination (BSE), a sample of women were interviewed shortly before they were invited to attend the class and again one year later. A comparable sample in a different "control" district were interviewed twice in the same way. The interviewers inquired about the practice of breast self examination (BSE) and about beliefs about breast cancer. The findings enable changes in behaviour and beliefs among those who attended and did not attend the class and among women in the control district during the same year to be compared. Women who attended the class showed a more pronounced improvement in BSE practice compared with non-attenders and with the control group. The improvement was in BSE technique rather than the frequency with which it was carried out.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1983

Metabolism of loprazolam in rat- and dog-liver preparations.

The metabolism of loprazolam by rat- and dog-liver preparations has been studied in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Identification of unchanged loprazolam and metabolites was by comparison of chromatographic characteristics and mass spectra with those of authentic compounds. The piperazine-N-oxide was the sole metabolite formed under aerobic conditions in dog-liver slices and microsomes. In addition to this N-oxide, the N-desmethyl metabolite and the diazepine-hydroxy metabolite were formed in rat-liver microsomes. The principal metabolite in rat-liver slices was the glucuronide of the hydroxy compound. Under anaerobic conditions the nitro group of loprazolam is reduced to the amine by dog-liver slices and rat-liver microsomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Metabolism of loprazolam in rat, dog and man in vivo.

The metabolism of 14C-loprazolam has been studied in rat, dog and man in vivo. In rat, the major metabolic pathways were hydroxylation on the benzodiazepine ring, and reduction and acetylation of the nitro group. Both metabolites were identified by co-chromatography with standards, and were present in urine and bile conjugated with glucuronic acid. In both dog and human urine and bile significant amounts of the piperazine-N-oxide were found. This N-oxide was identified by co-chromatography with authentic compound and by mass spectroscopy. Both loprazolam and the dog biliary metabolites were hydrolysed spontaneously to polar material. Neither treatment with beta-glucuronidase nor incubation with gut microflora had any further effect. Only polar metabolites were found in dog and human faeces. The principal non-polar material found in rat plasma was the diazepine-hydroxy compound, and little loprazolam was present. Significant levels of loprazolam and lower levels of an unidentified metabolite were found in ether extracts of dog and human plasma. Both the piperazine-N-oxide and loprazolam were found in similar quantities in chloroform extracts of human plasma, and at two hours after dosage, the N-oxide and loprazolam accounted for greater than 90% of the radioactivity present in the plasma.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Initial results from a programme of breast self-examination.

As part of a national study of early detection of breast cancer, 28663 women aged between 45 and 64 have been invited to attend a teaching programme on the method of self-examination with the advice to practise it regularly. This paper reports the early results of the Nottingham study on 14905 who have attended. To date there have been 717 self-referrals. One hundred and thirty-nine of these had a significant abnormality on either clinical examination or mammography and eight biopsies have been performed. Cancer was detected in 43 women. This is a detection rate of 2.9 cancers per 1000 educated. Mean tumour size was 2.3 cm (0.5-6.0 cm) and 56% were lymph node negative.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1981

Determination of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of the anti-bacterial agent cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime in physiological fluids. Plasma or serum samples were mixed with chloroform--acetone to remove proteins and most lipid material. The aqueous phase was then freeze-dried, reconstituted in mobile phase and chromatographed on a reversed-phase column using UV detection at 262 nm. Urine was analysed directly after centrifugation to remove particulate matter. The detection limit was 0.5--1.0 micrograms/ml for serum and 5 micrograms/ml for urine. The method has been applied to the analyses of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime in plasma, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and pus from infected wound secretions. Two additional metabolites, which are lactones in which the beta-lactam ring has been opened, could be separated by this method.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Evaluation of early detection of breast cancer in Great Britain (author's transl)].

A large-scale trial of methods of early detection of breast cancer has been started in Great Britain. This non-randomized trial aims to compare breast cancer mortality over several years among women aged 45-64 years who have been offered various services for early detection of breast cancer. A quantitative assessment of benefits (lives saved) and costs (unnecessary surgery, radiation hazard, and use of health service resources) will be made. A total population of over 250,000 women living in eight districts is being studied in the trial. In two districts the women are invited for annual screening by clinical examination and mammography; in two other districts they are invited to teaching sessions to learn breast self-examination. The remaining four districts, with a population of 120,000 women, serve as a comparison and have no extra services beyond conventional diagnostic facilities. A register of all breast histology among these women has been set up, and, for those who have breast cancer, details of diagnosis, treatment and annual follow-up are recorded. All changes to the population are noted, and the cause of all deaths recorded. Factors influencing acceptance of early detection programmes, and the sensitivity and specificity of different screening methods are being studied. Mortality rates from breast cancer in the three types of population (screening, self-examination and comparison groups) will be the main index of effectiveness, but other questions relative to evaluation of screening, such as lead-time natural history of pre-invasive neoplasia, and identification of high-risk women, will also be assessed.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The effect of naftidrofuryl (Praxilene) on intermittent claudication.

In a randomized double-blind controlled trial the effect of naftidrofuryl (Praxilene) 200 mg t.d.s., taken for 6 months, was compared with placebo in intermittent claudication. Whilst there was a significant subjective improvement regardless of age or treatment, patients over 60 on naftidrofuryl experienced a more rapid symptomatic relief than other patients. At six months this age group showed a significant improvement over the placebo group. There was no significnat objective evidence of improvement.

Aged↗