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Biomedical subjects

J C Reid

Publications and source records attributed to J C Reid.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Relationship of personality, environmental, and DICA variables to adolescent hopelessness: a neural network sensitivity approach.

OBJECTIVE: This study identified critical factors from a set of psychiatric diagnoses, personality traits, and family and social support variables that relate to hopelessness in adolescents. METHOD: One hundred fifty adolescents were selected in a systematic sample from 1,700 high school students; they completed the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory, the Parental Bonding Questionnaire, the Social Support Questionnaire, the Hopelessness Scale for Children and were interviewed by trained clinicians on the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents. Selected variables were chosen for a back-propagation neural network model and for subsequent sensitivity and statistical analysis. RESULTS: Sensitive adolescents and adolescents with less impulse control scored high on hopelessness. Forceful adolescents were less hopeless. CONCLUSIONS: Using the neural network models, the authors suggest that assertive training as well as group activities that increase cooperativeness may ameliorate hopelessness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effectiveness of computer-assisted interactive videodisc instruction in teaching rheumatology to physical and occupational therapy students.

A computer-assisted interactive videodisc instructional program, HP-RHEUM was designed to teach clinical findings in arthritis to occupational and physical therapy students. Using the Rheumatology Image Library videodisc produced by the National Library of Medicine, HP-RHEUM consists of instructional modules which employ advance organizers, examples/nonexamples, summaries, and immediate feedback. To see if HP-RHEUM would be as effective as traditional classroom instruction, control data were collected in 1991 from 52 OT and PT students. Treatment data were collected from 61 students in 1992 when HP-RHEUM entirely replaced lectures. Identical pre- and post-tests consisted of 70 multiple choice questions, with 24 matched to slides. On the slide questions the HP-RHEUM group had significantly higher scores. Otherwise, there was no significant difference in performance between groups. HP-RHEUM provided an independent learning method and enhanced visual comprehension of rheumatologic disease concepts.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Beyond relevance--characteristics of key papers for clinicians: an exploratory study in an academic setting.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine what factors beyond relevance influence a clinician's decision to choose to read one journal article over another in satisfying an information need. DESIGN: Seventeen health care providers were interviewed and then surveyed regarding the characteristics of key articles (those they would not want to miss). On a Likert scale, the clinicians graded forty-two characteristics for importance in the decision process. Relevance was assumed and not at issue. SETTING: The study took place in an academic health science center. SUBJECTS: The subjects were seventeen clinicians, all with patient care responsibilities. There were four internists, four surgeons, three family practitioners, three pediatricians, two psychiatrists, and one clinical psychologist. RESULTS: Factors beyond relevance that most often influenced the decision process pertained to methodological rigor, authors and their institutional affiliations, document types, and population studied. CONCLUSIONS: Among the clinicians surveyed, factors beyond topicality influenced judgments as to what constitutes an important article. The emphasis respondents gave to certain attributes is echoed in other published work and highlights the need for more intensive investigation of these non-subject indicators as search parameters. Improved searching capabilities might well lead to a significant reduction in the clinician's information overload.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1996

The Missouri planning grant for the education and training of health sciences librarians.

The planning grant at the School of Library and Informational Science (SLIS) at the University of Missouri has two aims: (a) developing a model curriculum for health sciences librarianship at the master's level and (b) developing materials that can be delivered by alternative instructional methods. To accomplish the first aim, the faculty will investigate the possibility of offering courses in other disciplines, such as health care administration, educational technology, adult education, and medical sociology. In addition, the SLIS faculty will investigate the development of new kinds of placement for the students' practicum experience. To reach the second aim, the SLIS faculty will investigate alternative means of delivering both graduate and continuing education. Three instructional modalities will be evaluated. Some material will be delivered via satellite broadcast, some material will be made available via the World Wide Web and some will be presented in an intensive seminar. The outcome of the planning grant will be two distinct plans. The first will be a plan for the curriculum in health sciences librarianship at the master's level. The second will be a plan for offering instruction through alternative methods, both for graduate education and for continuing education.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1995

An examination of family functioning utilizing the circumplex model in psychiatrically hospitalized children with depression.

The purpose of the current study was to explore the relationship between childhood depression and family functioning. 11 children with depression and 11 children without depression were compared via scores on the adaptability and cohesion dimensions of the FACES-III-K. Children with depression reported significantly less cohesive and more disengaged (displaying emotional separateness and lack of closeness) families than children without depression. Cohesion (the emotional bonding and individual autonomy of family members), but not adaptability, appears to be an important factor in the relationship between family functioning and childhood depression. Clinicians are advised to use treatments designed to help alleviate low family cohesion for children with depression.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Why people don't learn from diabetes literature: influence of text and reader characteristics.

The study was designed to identify text and reader characteristics that impede learning. Twenty-six adults with diabetes mellitus took a 15-item test for prior knowledge of diabetes, a 20-item vocabulary test, and a Need for Cognition questionnaire. Immediately after reading an excerpt from a commonly used diabetes pamphlet, they could recall an average of only eight of the 108 ideas in it. Readers seldom monitored their comprehension. Also, the topics that they thought were important differed from the topics that a physician thought were important. Many readers lacked reading skills, but those with high need for cognition and higher vocabulary scores recalled more topics. Even with an appropriate reading level, text characteristics that could hinder comprehension included lack of organization and clarity.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Characteristics of anger expression in depressed children.

OBJECTIVES: To examine anger expression styles in depressed and nondepressed children and to investigate whether the relation between depression and anger expression was mediated by family variables. METHOD: From a sample of 100 psychiatric inpatient children, 11 depressed children and 11 matched nondepressed psychiatric controls were compared on two self-report measures, the Pediatric Anger Expression Style and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales-III-K. RESULTS: Depressed children reported significantly more difficulty maintaining cognitive control of their anger than did nondepressed children who were psychiatric inpatients. Family cohesion and adaptability were not found to have an effect on this relationship. No significant differences were found with respect to the tendency to deny or suppress anger or the tendency to express anger aggressively. CONCLUSIONS: Depressed children experienced more difficulties expressing their anger using a controlled/cognitive style than nondepressed (externalizing) children. The lack of a mediating role of family variables suggests that anger expression styles may be more related to the characteristics of depression in children, a finding that has clinical implications for addressing treatment of depressed children.

Anger↗
PubMed1995

Cost-effective clinical uses of wide-area networks: electronic mail as telemedicine.

Electronic mail (E-mail) is widely used as a means of communication in the medical community. E-mail is clearly inexpensive when compared to two-way, fully interactive, real-time, video telemedicine. By content analysis of 200 consecutive messages, we show E-mail to be a low-cost use of computer networks, supporting a wide range of physician decision-making.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1994

Why are some pamphlets hard for patients to read?

In this study with lung cancer patients, we describe not only text characteristics that hinder comprehension, including unfamiliar words and poor organization, but also reader characteristics that hinder comprehension, such as educational level, and what the patient wants to know. Based on our and other's research we recommend writing what the reader wants to know, relating new learning to what the learner already knows, and using organizational cues for clarity and emphasis.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Detecting dysfunctional behavior in adolescents: the examination of relationships using neural networks.

We describe a neural network that models the effect of personality, social, and environmental variables on hopelessness in adolescents. A sensitivity analysis suggests the effect that variation in each of the input variables will have on the output. Clinical implications are that health professionals can focus their attention on the variables most likely to impact upon the outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

OA-rehab: designing a personalized exercise program for people with osteoarthritis.

We describe the design of a multi-media performance support system (PSS) based on the documented benefits of a personalized exercise program for people with arthritis, on the known value of self-efficacy and stages of change, and on principles of learning theory. The poster will show examples of incorporating motivational and cognitive principles into a PSS.

Exercise Therapy↗
PubMed1993

AI/LEARN/Rheumatology. A comparative study of computer-assisted instruction for rheumatology.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of AI/LEARN/Rheumatology, a computer-controlled interactive videodisc system for teaching. METHODS: We assessed improvement in knowledge about rheumatic diseases, using a pretest and posttest in a control year and a treatment year. The subjects were medical students and postgraduate trainees taking the rheumatology elective. The control year used traditional lectures and the standard rheumatology curriculum. The treatment year used AI/LEARN/Rheumatology in place of lectures on rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. RESULTS: The trainees showed significant improvement in knowledge in both the control year and the treatment year (P < 0.0001 for both). The average time spent using AI/LEARN/Rheumatology was similar to the time spent in lectures (3 hours). The number of patient consultations in which trainees participated was lower in the treatment year than in the control year; however, the adjusted posttest scores using the pretest as a covariate tended to be higher in the treatment year (P = 0.10). Analysis of covariance of the adjusted posttest scores for the treatment year only showed that the trainees who spent more time using AI/LEARN/Rheumatology learned more (r = 0.57). Trainees felt that AI/LEARN/Rheumatology was the most helpful educational experience of the elective. CONCLUSION: AI/LEARN/Rheumatology is an effective means of teaching about the rheumatic diseases. It has many advantages: availability for independent study, effective use of trainee's time, and liberation of faculty time from lectures. Trainees enjoyed using AI/LEARN/Rheumatology.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1993

Comorbidity of conduct disorder and personality disorders in an incarcerated juvenile population.

OBJECTIVE: Youths with conduct disorder extract an inordinate amount of time and money from the U.S. judicial system and taxpayers, yet studies pertaining to this population have been few. This study was undertaken to examine the co-occurrence of personality disorders and conduct disorder in a group of incarcerated children and adolescents and to raise the issue of the possibility of antisocial personality disorder in persons under the age of 18 years. METHOD: One hundred incarcerated juvenile offenders aged 11-17 years were randomly selected and then interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents--Revised and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders to establish their psychiatric diagnoses. RESULTS: Eighty-seven percent of the group met the criteria for conduct disorder. Among those diagnosed as having conduct disorder, the only comorbid personality disorder that was present with significant frequency was antisocial personality disorder. The other comorbid personality disorder diagnoses that appeared most frequently were the borderline, narcissistic, paranoid, passive-aggressive, and dependent types. Borderline personality disorder was observed more frequently in the females than in the males with conduct disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that by using DSM-III-R criteria for adult personality disorders, one finds a considerable number of personality disorders in a young population with conduct disorder. The findings also show that youths manifest signs of antisocial personality disorder before they are 18 years of age, raising the question of how age should be incorporated into the diagnosis of personality disorder as DSM-IV is being prepared.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Comorbidity for disruptive behavior disorders in psychiatrically hospitalized children.

A variety of instruments were used to compare six groups of inpatient children: pure attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH), pure conduct disorder (CD), pure oppositional defiant disorder (OD), ADDH + CD, and ADDH + OD, and a clinical control group who had no DBD diagnosis. Children with ADDH and CD or OD exhibited a greater degree of psychopathology. Children with CD and OD were more similar than different, indicating that perhaps a continuum of pathology exists between these diagnostic classifications.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1992

GALE: a graphics assisted learning environment for computer-based interactive videodisc education.

GALE, a Graphics Assisted Learning Environment, is a computer-based interactive videodisc authoring tool. GALE was created as the authoring package for AI/LEARN/Rheumatology, an independent study system for teaching rheumatology to medical trainees. GALE has potential widespread application beyond rheumatology. Interactive videodisc technology is a prime feature of GALE. Other highlights are: WordPerfect macros which simplify programming, graphics-based large text characters, tracking of user responses, hypertext-like definition capabilities, color coded screens to distinguish between hypertext branches and the mainstream of the course content and ability to overlay text on the video image. GALE runs on a PC-compatible computer with selected Pioneer LaserDisc players. GALE uses WordPerfect 5.1 for text editing and has been designed for use by non-programmers.

Computer Graphics↗