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Biomedical subjects

J C Martin

Publications and source records attributed to J C Martin.

366 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
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Interactive effects of chronic maternal ethanol and nicotine exposure upon offspring development and function.

Nicotine injections (3.0 mg/kg twice daily), oral alcohol (10% solution), nicotine and alcohol, or saline injections were administered to gravid Sprague-Dawley rats for the entire gestational period. Food intake was adjusted so that all rats received the same number of calories on each day of pregnancy. Offspring performance was monitored from birth to 15 months of age. An interaction was found in which the combined effect of nicotine and alcohol was greater than would have been predicted from the effects of either drug along. NIC/ALC offspring were born later, and suffered more stillbirths and neonatal deaths. Surviving NIC/ALC offspring were more advanced on some developmental measures, more active neonatally and less active in adulthood. Initially, they were able to discriminate contingencies less well in a punishment paradigm, initiated fewer shock-on periods and received fewer reinforcements. Possible mechanisms for the drug interaction effects are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An overview: maternal nicotine and caffeine consumption and offspring outcome.

Smoking and caffeine ingestion are the most commonly abused physiologically addictive licit drugs [32]. They have similar neurally facilitative properties and individuals monitor their intake so as to maintain a constant level in blood. As is true of other addictive drugs, tolerance to their effects develops over time resulting in increased consumption. This pattern is fairly small with nicotine and caffeine however. THe effects on offspring outcome of smoking and caffeine use and abuse in gravid women and animal models is the subject of this overview.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cell classification by laser light scattering: identification and separation of unstained leukocytes.

We have used a flow-system cell sorter to separate unfixed, unstained human leukocyte cells into morphologically distinct populations based only on the intensity of 488-nm wavelength laser light simultaneously scattered by each cell at two different angles. Three populations were observed as distinct peaks in a two-parameter pulse-height distribution and were then physically sorted into separate classes and stained for cytological examination. The three groups consisted of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. Each group contained between 77 and 98 per cent of a single cell type. Blood from an irradiated monkey was also sorted and showed the presence of a fourth peak which consisted of 61 per cent eosinophils. Thus, multiangle light-scattering information from unfixed, unstained cells may be a promising technique for rapid morphologic analysis and may have application, for example, as a highspeed automated leukocyte differential. We anticipate that this method may be useful in other clinical applications where morphologic differences are diagnostically important. One of the principal advantages of the method is elimination of fixation and staining of the samples; this is a nondestructive testing technique.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of functional health of low-income black women with osteoarthritis.

This study examines 10 culturally relevant indices of physical, psychological, and social function in order to specify and quantify their influence on the multidimensional functional health of low-income Black older women who have a medical diagnosis of osteoarthritis and no known history of coexisting medical conditions that would cause severe debilitation. Using a non-experimental, correlational design, cross-sectional data were obtained in individual face-to-face interviews. A nonprobability sample of 100 low-income, community-living Black older female participants of two local senior centers were interviewed for analysis. Functional health was measured with the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2; physical function by body mass index, number of arthritic joints, and a timed 8-foot walk score; psychological function with scores for the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale, and Spiritual Perspective Scale; and social function by the sociodemographics of age, income, years of education, and household size. Multiple regression analysis data indicated that functional health was best explained by three interrelated variables: depression, timed 8-foot walk score, and number of arthritic joints. This combination of variables explained 45% of the variance in functional health. Depression was highly correlated with other predictors and explained the largest amount of variance. Findings emphasize the need for enhanced education of providers to stimulate development of health promotion/disease prevention programs that will decrease the occurrence and effects of depression, joint pathology, and physical immobility, thereby improving health-related outcomes for Black older women who have osteoarthritis.

Activities of Daily Living↗