Comments on "Effect of section thickness on quality of flow cytometric DNA content determinations in paraffin-embedded tissues".
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DNA↗
Biomedical subjects
J C Macartney
Publications and source records attributed to J C Macartney.
DNA flow cytometry of histological material from human gastric cancer.
DNA flow cytometry was performed on fixed embedded histological material from 56 radical gastrectomies for human gastric cancer. The ploidy and proportion of cells in the DNA synthetic phase of the cell cycle (S phase fraction) were estimated and the results correlated with histological features. DNA aneuploidy was encountered in 73 per cent of cases. Aneuploid and diploid tumours both had significantly higher fractions of cells in S phase than normal mucosa. S phase fractions for aneuploid tumours were higher than diploid tumours. There was a trend for tumours exhibiting an infiltrating mode of growth and poor tubule formation to have a diploid DNA content and low S phase fraction. No difference was observed between the results obtained from tumours with or without lymph node metastases. Early uniform fixation greatly improved the quality of the flow cytometry results measurable by a reduction in the mean coefficient of variation.
Cell Division↗
An immunohistochemical study of a colonic mucus antigen in normal and neoplastic gastrointestinal tissues.
A monoclonal antibody YPC 44.3 which reacts with human large intestinal goblet cell mucus has been used to examine normal gastrointestinal mucosa and a series of gastric and colorectal carcinomas in an immunohistochemical study. In normal colonic mucosa the antibody is shown to detect an antigen which is expressed polymorphically and depends on the presence of the active allele at the Lewis locus for its expression. However the antigen appears distinct from regular Lewis antigens on the basis of immunoabsorption studies and organ distribution. Results of immunostaining tumours show no correlation with the site, classification or grade of tumour or the type of metaplasia adjacent to gastric cancers. The relationship of YPC 44.3 to other mucus antibodies and the importance of screening tissues with a wide range of blood group phenotypes is discussed.
ABO Blood-Group System↗
DNA flow cytometry of histological material from dysplastic lesions of human gastric mucosa.
DNA flow cytometry has been carried out on histologically processed human gastric tissue showing varying grades of gastric dysplasia, intramucosal carcinoma and regenerative changes. No cases of DNA aneuploidy were encountered in cases showing regenerative changes or mild or moderate dysplasia. DNA aneuploidy was found in 5/7 cases of severe dysplasia and 3/11 cases of intramucosal cancer. Irregularities of the G0/G1 peak were encountered in a further 18 samples including normal and regenerative gastric mucosa. However these were not thought to indicate DNA aneuploidy. The interpretation of these abnormalities and the affect on the frequency with which DNA aneuploidy is reported in pathological lesions is discussed.
Aneuploidy↗
Organ culture of human gastric mucosa and gastric cancers. 1. Morphological aspects.
An organ culture system for explants of human gastric mucosa and gastric cancer from surgical resection specimens is described. Pyloric mucosa has been successfully maintained in vitro for up to 120 h, and gastric carcinoma for up to 48 h. Morphological preservation by light and electron microscopy was good, although some simplification of the glandular pattern occurred in normal mucosa with longer periods of in vitro culture. [3H]-thymidine and [3H]-leucine uptake was assessed by autoradiography, and patterns of uptake resembled those described in vivo in normal gastric mucosa and gastric intestinal metaplasia. Labelling indices with [3H]-thymidine were however low compared with in vivo estimates. Successful organ culture of human gastric tissue offers a useful method for investigating factors affecting growth control in normal and neoplastic gastric epithelium.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Lectin histochemistry of galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine glycoconjugates in normal gastric mucosa and gastric cancer and the relationship with ABO and secretor status.
The histochemical binding of four lectin-peroxidase conjugates to normal human gastric mucosa and gastric carcinoma is described. The lectins were peanut agglutinin (PNA) which is specific for galactose residues and soy bean agglutinin (SBA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) which are specific for N-acetylgalactosamine. Binding of PNA to surface mucous cells or normal gastric mucosa occurred in non-secretors but not secretors and was independent of ABO blood group at all sites. PNA binding was unrelated to the immunohistochemical demonstration of Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen. DBA and HPA bound selectively to surface mucous cells in normal gastric mucosa from group A secretors but binding at other sites was independent of ABO status. SBA binding showed no relationship with blood group or secretor status. In gastric cancers the major finding was the occurrence of extensive masking of lectin binding sites by sialic acid which was not seen in normal mucosa. Sialic acid masking was most marked with PNA and least marked with DBA. There was no correlation between lectin binding patterns and the stage or differentiation of tumours. Results are consistent with in vitro studies demonstrating increased sialation of membrane glycoproteins following malignant transformation. Difficulties in interpreting the histochemical demonstration of lectin binding in terms of specific glycoconjugates are discussed.
ABO Blood-Group System↗
Prognostic importance of DNA flow cytometry in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
Eighty one cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were examined by DNA flow cytometry, using fixed embedded histological tissue. The frequency of detection of DNA aneuploidy and the values for S phase fractions depended on the histological subtype and grade of lymphoma. Twenty two of the patients with low grade centroblastic/centrocytic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma had repeat biopsies. Eleven of these patients remained histologically and cytometrically stable, but the remaining eleven transformed into high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The mean value for the S phase fraction in the initial biopsy specimens from patients which transformed was higher than that for patients whose lymphomas remained stable (p less than 0.001). It is proposed that estimates of S phase fraction prospectively identify patients with low grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at risk from transformation.
Aneuploidy↗
Trial of (+)-cyanidanol-3 in patients with hepatitis B chronic liver disease.
A double-blind controlled trial of 12 months' treatment with (+)-cyanidanol-3 was carried out in 26 patients with chronic hepatitis B liver disease. Treatment did not improve liver blood tests nor histological appearances of the liver, but there was a trend towards reduction of serum titres of hepatitis B surface antigen.
Catechin↗
Comparison of DNA flow cytometry from fresh and paraffin embedded samples of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Cell suspensions were prepared from fresh and paraffin embedded samples of lymph nodes from nine patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. DNA flow cytometry was performed on these samples and the results from fresh tissue compared with those from paraffin embedded material. Results were compared in terms of DNA index (as a measure of aneuploidy) and S phase fraction (as an indication of proliferative activity). Good agreement was found between the results from the samples prepared by the two methods. The quality of DNA flow cytometry from paraffin embedded material was comparable with or better than that from fresh samples.
Aneuploidy↗
Quality assurance and surgical pathology.
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Pathology, Surgical↗
Cancer morbidity in ulcerative colitis.
Cancer morbidity at all sites has been studied in a series of 676 patients with ulcerative colitis under long-term review, of whom more than two-thirds had extensive disease, and the level and pattern of risk over time examined. Age-, sex-, and site-specific incidence rates were used to compute the number of cancers that might have been expected to occur. A highly significant excess of cancers was observed overall but the excess was due entirely to cancers of the digestive system. In women there was no excess or deficit of cancers outside the digestive system. In men there was a small deficit of cancers of the respiratory system. An overall 11-fold excess colorectal cancer risk was found in the series compared with that in a relevant general population after patient-years at risk had been corrected for surgical resection and patients with colorectal cancer at their first referral had been corrected for surgical resection and patients with colorectal cancer at their first referral had been excluded. When these data were expressed in an actuarial form the cumulative probability of developing colorectal cancer in the series was 8% (3.5-13%) at 25 years, after the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis had been established. The relative risk of developing colorectal cancer was highest in those patients developing colitis before the age of 30 years, and the relative risk fell as the age at diagnosis of their colitis increased. The pattern of risk of colorectal cancer over time suggests that there is an association between cancer and colitis in susceptible individuals and that the level of risk is related to age at onset of colitis.
Adult↗
The ultrastructure of whole cells from two human keratinocyte strains during cell spreading and island formation in vitro.
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Cell Adhesion↗
Differential distribution of virus and histological damage in the lower respiratory tract of ferrets infected with influenza viruses of differing virulence.
The distribution of four strains of influenza virus [A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and clone 64d (attenuated for ferrets) and clones 64c and 7a (virulent for ferrets) of the recombinant virus A/PR/8/34--A/England/939/69 (H3N2)] in the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi and the hilar, intermediate and outer alveolar zones of the lung) of ferrets was monitored daily for 4 days after intranasal inoculation. On day 1, some animals had high virus titres in all the tissues but in other animals virus was undetectable, irrespective of the virus strain. Two days after inoculation increase of virus contents of all tissues tended to be restricted. On days 3 and 4, the virulent clones (64c and 7a), in contrast to the attenuated strains (A/PR/8/34 and clone 64d), consistently infected the lower respiratory tissues. However, for all infected animals the virus contents of the hilar zones of the lungs were higher than those in the intermediate zones, while the alveolar zones were relatively free from virus. Quantitative estimations of the mild histological damage occurring in the lower respiratory tract 3 to 6 days after inoculation also indicated that bronchial and bronchiolar tissue were more susceptible to influenza virus than alveolar tissue and that clones 64c and 7a produced more damage than the other two strains. In agreement with the relative viral contents of clones 64c and 7a in the bronchi and in the hilar and intermediate zones of the lung, clone 64c produced more damage than clone 7a in the bronchi and less in the bronchioles of the lung parenchyma.
Animals↗
Quality assurance in anatomic pathology.
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Age Factors↗
Is myosin in the cochlea a basis for active motility?
Recent evidence suggests that the stereocilia of cochlear hair cells contain actin filaments. The experiments reported here demonstrate the presence of myosin, suggesting that the mechanical properties of the hair cells may be actively modifiable by actin-myosin interactions as in muscle cells.
Actins↗
Malignancy in Crohn's disease.
Cancer morbidity has been evaluated in a series of 513 patients with Crohn's disease under long-term review between 1944-76. In comparison with morbidity rates for cancer in the West Midlands Region (the geographical area from which these patients were drawn) the 31 tumours that occurred represented a relative risk of 1.7 (P less than 0.01) of cancer at all sites. For tumours at sites within the digestive system the relative risk was 3.3 (P less than 0.001). A significant excess of tumours was found in both the upper (P less than 0.01) and lower (P less than 0.001) gastrointestinal tract. There was no excess of tumours at any site outside the digestive system.
Adolescent↗
Use of a histopathology data pool for epidemiological analysis.
Data from the Birmingham Histopathology Data Pool of surgical pathology on the age, sex, and site distributions of various cutaneous and hepatic lesions have been analysed, and the results have been compared with data from the Regional Cancer Registry. Analysis of malignant neoplasms shows that there is no significant difference between the two sources. The results are discussed with reference to the potential use of histopathology data banks for quality assurance in histopathology and epidemiological analysis.
Adolescent↗
Intracellular filaments in human cancer cells: a histological study.
The distribution of intracellular filamentous systems in human breast and colonic cancers has been demonstrated by means of the tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid-milling dye staining technique. Plasma membrane-associated staining is prominent in breast carcinomas and is strongest in anaplastic tumours. Strong staining is also noted in the cells at the margins of the tumours where the malignant cells are invading the surrounding tissues. In colonic carcinomas, filaments are mainly restricted to the terminal web region of the cells but dedifferentiation is accompanied by the development of circumferential staining of the cell membrane. The results are discussed in relation to immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies of contractile proteins in non-muscle cells.
Adenocarcinoma↗