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Biomedical subjects

J C Gillin

Publications and source records attributed to J C Gillin.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Disturbances of sleep and cognitive functioning in patients with dementia.

The relationship of sleep, circadian rhythms, and cognitive impairment in dementia patients is briefly reviewed. All-night sleep EEG data were collected in relatively young and relatively unimpaired patients with presumptive Alzheimer's disease and eight age-matched controls. Delta sleep time and Delta sleep % (Stages 3 and 4)--but not REM sleep measures--were significantly reduced in the patients. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

A clinical study of flurazepam.

Eleven patients suffering from chronic insomnia were given 30 mg flurazepam for 28 nights. While EEG measures of total sleep time and sleep efficiency were improved, changes in sleep latency and intermittent waking time were small and nonsignificant. Subjective benefits in sleep were confined to the first 2 nights. There was neither increased nor decreased daytime sleepiness. Cognitive functioning was significantly decreased during the first 2 days, and patients were unaware of these changes. Simple motor tasks were relatively unaffected. Desalkylflurazepam concentrations showed significant accumulation over time, but were not predictive of sleep measures or daytime performance in individual subjects. The withdrawal period was characterized by subjectively disturbed sleep and daytime dysphoria.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1982

Cholinergic regulation of mood and REM sleep: potential model and marker of vulnerability to affective disorder.

To test the hypothesis that depression and REM sleep share common cholinergic mechanisms the authors administered arecoline 25 min after completion of the first REM period to 14 patients with remitted bipolar affective disorder, 15 normal controls, and 5 subjects with a personal or family history of affective disorder. The second REM period occurred significantly sooner in the remitted patients than in the normal controls. The patients also had a significantly higher density of eye movements during the first REM period and a higher percentage of REM sleep. The authors believe that increased cholinergic sensitivity and REM density may be biological markers of increased vulnerability to bipolar affective illness.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1982

Cerebrospinal fluid zinc concentrations in ex-heroin addicts and patients with schizophrenia: some preliminary observations.

Mean CSF zinc concentration was lower in a group of ex-heroin addicts than in groups of normal controls and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients, but values were generally within the normal range of CSF zinc concentrations. There were no significant differences in mean CSF zinc concentrations between groups of drug-free schizophrenic patients, schizophrenic patients on neuroleptics, and normal controls. CSF zinc concentration may be influenced by differences in racial composition and related dietary and other habits of the groups studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

EEG studies of sleep in the diagnosis of depression.

Psychiatric diagnoses have traditionally been made on the basis of clinical criteria, including current phenomenology and historical information. This traditional procedure presents several problems, including standardization of data gathering and interpretation. Biological criteria have been shown to be useful aids to diagnosis, but the same problems of standardization must be overcome. We present here the derivation of discriminant functions (DFs) using sleep EEG data to separate depressed from normal subjects. More important, we have cross-validated these DFs in a separate group of patients, using them to separate endogenous (ED) from nonendogenous depressed (ND) patients. ADF using the sleep variables REM latency and REM density can make this discrimination with sensitivity = 0.61 and specificity = 0.93. We also present our preliminary findings in support of the earlier conclusion that the sleep of unipolar ED patients is more disturbed than that of bipolar ED patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Topographic cortical mapping of EEG sleep stages during daytime naps in normal subjects.

Computer-generated cortical maps of power spectral estimates derived from 16 leads were drawn based on daytime sleep recordings in four normal volunteers. These data were compiled from nine 10-s artifact-free, EEG epochs from awake, stages 1-4 and REM sleep in each volunteer. EEG leads were placed on the left hemisphere and midline according to the 10-20 system with four additional interpolated posterior locations. Magnitude spectral estimates with 1 Hz resolution and adjacent frequencies (delta 2-4, alpha 8-12, beta 13-18) were analyzed with two-way ANOVA (lead by sleep stage). Delta activity was relatively uniform and of low amplitude in awake, eyes-closed subjects, and REM. Delta power increased at the vertex in stage 1. With progressing, non-REM sleep stages, it increased in power and enlarged radially to the intraparietal sulcus posteriorly, and the superior frontal gyrus anteriorly. Comparison of maps with ear and a computed average reference yielded similar topographic patterns. Alpha activity was expectedly maximal occipitally in awake subjects, but surprisingly a frontal area appeared in slow wave sleep. Beta activity in awake subjects was low and maximal parietally; stages 1 and REM showed even lower and more uniform distribution. Stage 2 showed the greatest power, concentrated at the vertex, with stages 3 and 4 diminishing. These data suggest that sleep stages are not completely uniform electrophysiologically across the cortex. This opens the possibility for a new method for the diagnosis of sleep disorders and alternatives in sleep staging.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Zinc and copper in patients with schizophrenia.

Patients with acute and chronic schizophrenia, on or off treatment with various major tranquillizers, did not show any significant deviation from normal in concentrations of zinc or copper in serum, urine, or gastric fluid, in serum ceruloplasmin or in hair zinc. Although depletion of body zinc and increases in brain copper have been previously associated with severe changes in mentation and personality, there are at present no published, controlled clinical studies which support the hypothesis that administration of exogenous zinc and/or depletion of body copper is useful in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Age-related changes in sleep in depressed and normal subjects.

All-night electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep data were examined a function of age in normal control subjects and hospitalized, unmedicated depressed patients with primary affective illness. By analysis of variance, Total Sleep time, Delta Sleep, Sleep Efficiency, Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep, and REM Latency decreased as a function of age, whereas Early Morning Awake time and Intermittent Awake time increased. Compared with normal controls, after the effects of age were covaried out, depressed patients had a greater Sleep Latency, Early Morning Awake time, Intermittent Awake time, Duration and REM Density of the first REM period, and average REM Density for the night, as well as less Sleep Efficiency, less Delta Sleep, and shorter REM Latency, Early Morning Awake time increased with age in depressives but not in normals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Physostigmine induction of depressive symptomatology in normal human subjects.

Nine normal volunteers, screened for the absence of a personal or family history of affective disorders and free of concurrent marijuana usage, received intravenous infusions of high dose physostigmine or saline in a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced paradigm. Self-rating and observer ratings both demonstrated a statistically significant, physostigmine associated increase in depressive-type symptoms in the group as a whole, particularly pronounced in certain individuals. These results are the first report of physostigmine associated depressive symptomatology in normal subjects. While our findings are discrepant with two previous studies, our use of multiple self-ratings, and some differences in physostigmine dosage and infusion times might have contributed to this difference. These findings suggest that high dose physostigmine may represent a pharmacological model of depression in normal subjects, or alternatively may be diagnostic of vulnerability to affective disorder in certain subjects free of a previous history of affective disturbances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

REM sleep, naps, and depression.

Continued interest in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep abnormalities in depression stimulated comparative studies on daytime naps versus nighttime sleep. In a group of 15 depressed patients, REM latencies in morning and afternoon naps were similar to the shortened REM onset at night. Although REM latency did not vary across the three times, the propensity for REM sleep appeared to be greater in the morning nap than in the afternoon nap and the early portion of nocturnal sleep. Finally, the data suggest that responders to tricyclic treatment tend to be poor sleepers during daytime naps.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

EEG sleep patterns in schizophrenic patients undergoing hemodialysis.

All-night electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep studies were obtained before and during a double-blind clinical trial of hemodialysis in six schizophrenic patients with normal renal functioning. No significant changes were observed in either clinical status or sleep, except for a significant reduction in rapid eye movement (REM) density, a measure of the number of eye movements per minute of REM sleep.

Adult↗