Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J C Fruchart.
Given for 20 days at a concentration of 0.3% in the diet, clofibrate lowers serum triglyceride level and causes a 48% increase of lipoprotein lipase activity in rat fat pad, after feeding. This increase does not appear in the animals on fasting. These results agree with an effect of clofibrate upon membranous adenyl-cyclase of adipose tissue.
The effects of a complete parenteral feeding of long duration were studied in patients hospitalized in an Intensive Care Unit for an affection requiring this type of alimentation or presenting a state of irreversible prolonged coma. We used the Trive 1000 (EGIC Laboratories) which is a soya oil emulsion combined with essential amino-acides and with Sorbitol. The caloric intake was completed by glucose-solutes mixed with the indispensable vitamins andoligo-elements. Repeated blood-balances, biopsies of the panniculus adiposus and takings of organs (whenever a death occured) were carried out. The after-effects of this type of alimentation were studied in the blood and in the tissues: 1 = On the level of the lipometabolism, the absence of significant modifications in the different categories of lipids and plasmatic lipoproteins shows the quality of the injected fat elimination. On the tissular level, the collecting of alimentary fats is studied from the point of the lipase - lipoprotein activity and the quantitative and qualitive variations of the main classes of lipids. 2 - On the level of the blood biological constants, certain irregularities were noticed, the meaning of which is being discussed.
Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) and cellularity have been studied in controls, in diabetic or non-diabetic obese subjects and in insulin dependent diabetic patients. LPLA is increased in diabetic or non-diabetic obese subjects and in insulin dependent diabetic patients. LPLA is increased in diabetic or non-diabetic obese subjects (p less than 0.02) and decreased in insulin dependent diabetic patients (p less than 0.02). Adipocyte size is larger in obese subjects, whether diabetic or not (p less than 0.05). As defined by LPLA and cell size means, the different groups are related linearly. The implications of this relationship between LPLA and adipocyte size are considered.
A method based based upon polyacrylamide gradient gel for the electrophoretic separation of lipoproteins prestained with the diformazan of nitroblue tetrazolium is described and evaluated. It gives accurate characterization of the different lipoproteins, good separation between chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins and can be also applied to the diagnosis of type III hyperlipoproteinemia without need for ultracentrifugation.
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A fluorimetric, authomatical method for determination of free and total cholesterol in serum is described. Cholesterol esters are splitted into free cholesterol and fatty acids by cholesterol esterase. In the presence of oxygen free cholesterol will be transformed by cholesterol oxydase in delta 4 cholestenone with formation of hydrogen peroxyde. Hydrogen peroxyde oxidizes in the presence of catalase inethanol to formaldehyde which gives with ammonium ions and acetylacetone 3-5 diacetyl 1-4 dihydrolutidine measured by fluorimetry. Withour cholesterol esterase, the reaction allows a measurement of free cholesterol in plasma. So the ratio of ester to total cholesterol is determined by the two steps. Accuracy and precision are very good. Results are well correlated with those obtained with reference methods.
The metabolism of three fat emulsions (Lipiphysan, Trive 1000, Intralipid) was compared when administered by intravenous route as complete parenteral nutrition in minipigs during 14 days. With Lipiphysan, an important accumulation of glycerides appeared in liver, spleen and lung whereas the phospholipids content of those tissues was unchanged. The three fat emulsions determined an increase of linoleic acid (18:2) percentages in glycerides and phospholipids of several tissues: liver, heart, lung, spleen and kidney. Moreover, at the level of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE) in liver tissue, the three fat emulsions induced a decrease of some polyunsaturated fatty acids (C20 and C22) percentages. The observed differences in the amount of liver triglycerides between the three fat emulsions seem to be related with the removal mechanisms which appear to be dependent on each fat emulsion. In fact, all tissue lipid analyses showed an increase of 18:2 percentages which agree with an uptake of the different fat emulsions used. The decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids percentages in PE might be due to an inhibition of elongationdesaturation system or a degradation of those fatty acids.
With a model of isolated rat liver perfusion, the authors study the removal kinetic of three different fat emulsions. In experiments done with Lipiphysan, triglyceride uptake by liver is linear with a rate of 30 mg/h until the 60th minute; after blockade of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), triglyceride uptake is greatly reduced. In standard experiments done with Intralipid and Trive 1000, triglyceride content of the perfusate does not vary significantly; however, the study of free fatty acids removal done before and after liberation of hepatic triglyceride lipase by heparin seems to show that Intralipid triglycerides are slightly hydrolyzed by hepatic triglyceride lipase. The particles of Lipiphysan might be capted directly by RES cells (fast removal), whereas Intralipid might be slightly hydrolyzed (slow removal); Trive 1000 removal appears to be slow and similar to Intralipid. Those results give some explanations on data obtained in vivo in minipigs and agree with a better use of Intralipid and Trive 1000 triglycerides by extrahepatic sites.
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