Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J C Anderson.
Ultrasonography is accurate for diagnosis of abdominal aneurysms and clots within them. However, due to technical factors, occlusive clots within the aorta can be missed even at high gain. The authors report three cases in which total occlusion of the abdominal aorta was misdiagnosed as a free lumen occupied by a small clot. An explanation for the shortcomings of ultrasound is offered.
Chronic staphylococcal mastitis was established in 50 mammary glands of 25 mice. The mice were mated and in the subsequent lactation there was alveolar mastitis in one of 50 glands. A further five glands had abscesses that contained staphylococci but there was no alveolar mastitis. The results are discussed in relation to the large number of infections that persist from one lactation to the next in cows not subjected to mastitis control measures.
An unusual case of a suture granuloma developing four years after splenectomy and stimulating an intramural gastric neoplasm is presented. Radiologist should be aware of this entity and include it in their differential diagnosis of intramural gastric masses in postoperative patients.
Chronic staphylococcal mastitis was established in the mouse and electron miscroscopic examination of mammary tissue showed that the staphylococci were within epithelial cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Suspensions of cells containing staphylococci were prepared from chronically infected glands and incubated with sodium cloxacillin in vitro. This procedure resulted in a reduction in bacterial numbers, but a significantly greater reduction was obtained if the somatic cells were disrupted by sonication before the addition of cloxacillin. The results imply that the intracellular location of the staphylococci protects them against the action of the antibiotic.
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The possibility of adherence of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli or Streptococcus agalactiae to the epithelium of the mammary gland was investigated by inoculating them into this gland of mice. S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli did not adhere to alveolar epithelium in suckling or non-suckling mice. S. agalactiae adhered to alveolar epithelium in non-suckling mice but adhesion was not sufficiently strong to withstand suckling. Bacterial adherence probably does not play a significant role in the establishment of mastitis by these organisms.
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The formation of collagen fibrils under physiological conditions of ionic strength, pH and temperature was markedly affected by the presence of small amounts of bovine tendon glycoprotein. The absorbance of the gels at 400 nm was decreased, and they took longer to form. Over the range of concentration tested, the negative specific absorbance, -delta Asp., and the specific retardation, Rsp., both increased with the glycoprotein to collagen ratio. When added during the nucleation phase, glycoprotein was still able to exert its effect almost fully, and so must act to inhibit the later stages of fibril formation. Several pieces of evidence showed that glycoprotein acts via a weak binding to the collagen molecule. Electron microscopy established that fibrils formed in the presence of glycoprotein had a normal cross-striation pattern, but were significantly thinner than fibrils formed in control gets. The results suggest that glycoprotein could act in tissues to help regulate the diameter of collagen fibrils.
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The possible role of bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of experimental mastitis in the mouse was examined with four strains of Escherichia coli. Two of these strains had a known adhesion antigen (K88) and two did not. The K88 antigen did not play a significant role in the virulence or infectivity of E. coli either in the murine or bovine mammary gland. Two E. coli strains, W1 (K88+) and J2 (K88-) were virulent in the mouse but did not adhere to epithelial cells. Both these strains produced clinical mastitis in the cow. A third strain, D282 (K88-), produced mild disease in the mouse but was avirulent in the cow. The fourth strain, 233/ID (K88+), was avirulent in both the mouse and the cow. Strains D282 and 233/1D were killed rapidly by bovine serum whilst J2 and W1 were more resistant. All strains were more sensitive than the control resistant strain E. coli P4, which is known to be highly virulent for the lactating udder.
Ultrasound examinations of 76 patients with suspected gallbladder disease were compared with radiographic, surgical, and pathologic findings to determine the accuracy of the ultrasound examinations. In 13 of the 76, the gallbladder was not visualized by ultrasound. Diagnosis of the presence or absence of gallstones was correctly made by ultrasound in 56 of 63 visualized gallbladders, for an accuracy rate of 89%. A high proprtion of nonvisualized gallbladders (10 or 13) contained gallstones. Previously unreported ultrasound findings of a stone impacted in the proximal cystic duct and findings of a collection of bile in the lesser sac associated with cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis are illustrated.
The cellular changes in the ileum and duodenum and in the mesenteric and prefemoral lymph nodes of gnotobiotic piglets were observed following feeding with a live culture of a non-pathogenic E. coli. There was a rapid and intense reaction in the lower ileum, and follicles were formed; germinal centres were formed in the mesenteric lymph node after a short delay. Germinal centres were not seen in the prefemoral lymph node, though there were pyroninophilic cells in the cortex of this node. Plasma cells were not detected in the medulla of either the mesenteric or the prefemoral lymph nodes, but pyroninophilic cells and plasma cells were found in the lamina propria of the duodenum from 7 days after infection oneards. These observations demonstrate the requirement of an intestinal flora for the development of normal Peyer's patch architecture and indicate that the Peyer's patch response secondarily affects the mesenteric lymph node. The observations also suggest that there is a haematogenous dissemination of pyroninophilic cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissue to, amongst other sites, the duodenum; this may be of importance in both natural and artificial immunization by the oral route.
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Metastatic tumor incidence in BALB/C X DBA/8F1 female mice was examined in the presence and absence of adjuvant chemotherapy. Following surgical removal of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas, phenylalanine mustard, adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil (PAF) were administered at 4, 2, and 50 mg/kg, respectively, once a week for six injections. Recurring tumors and new tumors developing in other breasts over the next 6 months were noted and surgically removed to allow time for originally undetectable pulmonary metastases to develop or to regress completely. This regimen of PAF significantly decreased original tumor recurrences from 58% in controls to 36% in treated mice. New tumor development also was significantly reduced during the 5 weeks of PAF therapy and for 8 weeks thereafter. However, the incidence of pulmonary metastasis was unaffected by the chemotherapy, being 42% in controls and 37% in PAF-treated mice. About 30% of these metastases would have been undetectable at the time of original surgery. The findings stress the importance of developing agents and/or schedules that will specifically affect metastatic cells when administered early to minimal numbers of tumor cells. This system represents a stringent clinimimetic model for evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy in this regard.
Surgical treatment of adult subtrochanteric femur fractures by internal fixation, using the Jewett nail, has been associated with a high degree of major complications. Jewett nail failures in these fractures can produce functionally disabling varus deformities. The Zickel device is an effective means of providing internal fixation following subtrochanteric osteotomy. A case is presented in which the Zickel device was effectively used.
Three case reports demonstrate the successful management of patients with fractures of the hip and ipsilateral femur using the Zickel device. The hip fractures were base of the femoral neck, trochanteric and substrochanteric. The ipsilateral femur fractures consisted of 2 shaft fractures and 1 supracondylar femur fracture. These 3 cases, added to those previously reported in the literature, suggest that this form of intramedullary fixation should be considered for fractures of the hip combined with fractures of the shaft of the femur and possibly even supracondylar region.