Biomedical subjects

J Born

Publications and source records attributed to J Born.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations of healthy humans associated with nighttime sleep and morning arousal.

We assessed the activity of the sympathetic nervous system during undisturbed nocturnal sleep and periods of wakefulness directly before and after sleep in healthy young men. Changes induced by periods of rapid eye movement and by morning awakening, both periods reported to demonstrate an enhanced risk for the onset of cardiovascular diseases, were of particular interest. In 13 healthy men (age, 18 to 35 years), blood for determination of epinephrine and norepinephrine was drawn every 7 minutes between 9:30 PM and 8:30 AM with the subjects resting in a strictly horizontal position. Lights were switched off at 11 PM until awakening at 7 AM. At 8:30 AM, subjects stood up and a final blood sample was drawn. Sleep was monitored somnopolygraphically, and heart rate and blood pressure were continuously measured. Average epinephrine but not norepinephrine concentrations were significantly lower during nocturnal sleep than during wakefulness before and after sleep. In parallel, heart rate and blood pressure declined significantly during sleep. During rapid eye movement sleep, both epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly lower than during sleep stages 1 and 2 and slow-wave sleep. Whereas epinephrine concentrations gradually began to increase after morning awakening, norepinephrine levels were not significantly enhanced. However, standing up at the end of the experiment sharply increased norepinephrine concentrations by 180%, whereas epinephrine levels were less enhanced (46%) by the change of body position. This study suggests that the decrease in the activity of the sympathoadrenal branch of the sympathetic nervous system is probably due to an entrainment to the sleep-wake cycle, whereas the low activity of the noradrenergic branches depends mainly on horizontal body position during nocturnal sleep. The activities of the sympathoadrenal and noradrenergic branches of the sympathetic nervous system seem to be downregulated during rapid eye movement sleep. Awakening itself selectively enhances epinephrine levels. Subsequent orthostasis activates both the sympathoadrenal and, most prominently, the noradrenergic branches of the sympathetic nervous system.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Blocking of central nervous mineralocorticoid receptors counteracts inhibition of pituitary-adrenal activity in human sleep.

Pituitary-adrenal activity has been found to be inhibited during early nocturnal sleep in humans. This inhibition was supposed to reflect a regulatory influence of hippocampal cells characterized by the expression of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). Pituitary adrenal responsiveness to bolus injections of CRH (50 micrograms) was examined in each of nine healthy men on four occasions: CRH was injected either during early nocturnal sleep or at the same time of night while the subject was kept awake. Both of these conditions were run after pretreatment with the selective MR antagonist, canrenoate (2 x 200 mg, 0800 and 1700 h, preceding the experimental night) and after placebo administration. After placebo, sleep reduced ACTH and cortisol secretory responses to CRH to about 65% of the size observed during wakefulness (P < 0.05). After canrenoate, ACTH and cortisol secretory responses during sleep and wakefulness did not differ and were comparable with those obtained in placebo-treated subjects during wakefulness. Compared with placebo, canrenoate also distinctly reduced the time spent in slow-wave sleep (P < 0.005). The findings confirm an inhibition of pituitary-adrenal responsiveness during early sleep. The inhibition disappearance after blockage of MR suggests that sleep exerts this influence via central nervous MR-expressing cells. These cells seem to be simultaneously involved in the generation of slow-wave sleep.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1996

N-Acetylated domains in heparan sulfates revealed by a monoclonal antibody against the Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide. Distribution of the cognate epitope in normal human kidney and transplant kidney with chronic vascular rejection.

The Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide has the same (GlcUA-->GlcNAc)n structure as the nonsulfated heparan sulfate/heparin precursor polysaccharide. A monoclonal antibody (mAb 865) against the K5 polysaccharide has been described (Peters, H., Jürs, M., Jann, B., Jann, K., Timmis, K. N., and Bitter-Sauermann, D. (1985) Infect. Immun. 50, 459-466). In this report, we demonstrate the binding of anti-K5 mAb 865 to N-acetylated sequences in heparan sulfates and heparan sulfate proteoglycans but not to heparin. This is shown by direct binding and fluid phase inhibition of mAb 865 in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In this system we found that the binding of the mAb decreased with increasing sulfate content of the polysaccharide. By testing chemically modified K5 and heparin polysaccharides, we found that each of the modifications that occur during heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis (N-sulfation, C-5 epimerization, and O-sulfation) prevents recognition by mAb 865. Samples of heparan sulfate from human aorta (HS-II) were selectively degraded so as to allow the separate isolation of N-sulfated and N-acetylated block structures. N-Sulfated oligosaccharides (obtained after N-deacetylation by hydrazinolysis followed by nitrous acid deamination at pH 3.9) were not recognized by mAb 865, in contrast to N-acetylated oligosaccharides (obtained after nitrous acid deamination at pH 1.5), although the reactivity was lower than for intact HS-II. Analysis of the latter's pH 1.5 deamination products by gel filtration indicated that a minimal size of 18 saccharide units was necessary for antibody binding. These results lead us to propose bivalent antibody-heparan sulfate interaction, in which both F(ab) domains of the mAb interact with their epitopes, both of which are present in a single large (>/=18 saccharide units) N-acetylated domain and additionally with single epitopes present in two N-acetylated sequences (each <18 saccharide units) bridged by a short N-sulfated domain. Immunohistochemistry with mAb 865 on cryostat sections of normal human kidney tissue, revealed its binding to most but not all renal basement membranes. However, all renal basement membranes contain heparan sulfate, as shown by a mAb against heparitinase-digested heparan sulfate stubs (mAb 3G10). This finding indicates that not all heparan sulfate chains present in basement membranes express the mAb 865 epitopes. Besides the normal distribution, mAb 865 staining was found in fibrotic and sclerotic lesions in vessels, interstitium, and mesangium in transplant kidneys with chronic vascular rejection. Occasionally, a decrease of staining was observed within tubulo-interstitium and glomeruli. These findings show that N-acetylated sequences in heparan sulfates can be demonstrated by anti-K5 mAb 865 in normal and diseased kidneys.

Acetylation↗

PubMed1996

Enhanced dynamic complexity in the human EEG during creative thinking.

This study shows that divergent thinking, considered the general process underlying creative production, can be distinguished from convergent, analytical thought based on the dimensional complexity of ongoing electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. EEG complexity over the central and posterior cortex was higher while subjects solved tasks of divergent than convergent thinking, and also higher than during mental relaxation. Over the frontal cortex, EEG complexity was comparable during divergent thinking and mental relaxation, but reduced during convergent thinking. Results indicate that the basic process underlying the generation of novel ideas expresses itself in a strong increase in the EEG's complexity, reflecting higher degrees of freedom in the competitive interactions among cortical neuron assemblies. Frontocortical EEG complexity being comparable with that during mental relaxation, speaks for a loosened attentional control during creative thinking.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Vascular effects of oxytocin on human middle cerebral artery determined by transcranial Doppler sonography.

Neurohypophysial hormones may exert regulatory influences on cerebral blood flow. This double-blind cross-over study in healthy humans (n = 6) examined effects of oxytocin (OX) on blood flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) by transcranial Doppler sonography. Compared to placebo, intravenous infusion of OX (0.5 IU, within 2.5 min via a forearm catheter) reduced blood flow velocity (V) within 10 min after the start of the infusion (P < 0.05). The pulsatility index (PI) was at the same time increased following OX (P < 0.05). The effects of OX were not accompanied by changes in expiratory endtidal pCO2 or blood pressure. But, heart rate was slightly enhanced immediately after infusion of OX (P < 0.05). The changes in MCA blood flow velocity following OX could reflect a vasoconstrictory effect on small cerebral resistance vessels or a vasodilating effect on the large cerebral arteries.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Brain potential changes after intranasal vs. intravenous administration of vasopressin: evidence for a direct nose-brain pathway for peptide effects in humans.

There is evidence that intranasal application of peptides is a way to circumvent the blood-brain barrier. This led us to compare the effects of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) on event-related potentials (ERPs) in healthy men (n = 15) after intranasal and after intravenous (i.v.) administration. In a double-blind, crossover study, subjects received on three different occasions 20 IU of AVP intranasally (IN), 1.5 IU of AVP i.v., and saline solution. ERPs were recorded during the subject's performance on a auditory attention task. Plasma concentrations of vasopressin during task performance were enhanced after AVP, with the increase after i.v. administration of AVP exceeding that after AVP (p < 0.05). Intranasal administration of AVP substantially increased the P3 component of the ERP (p < 0.05). Intranasal administration of AVP substantially increased the P3 component of the ERP (< 0.01). By contrast, i.v. administration of AVP had no consistent effects on the ERP responses. In supplementary experiments as well, i.v. administration of lower doses of AVP (0.1 and 0.025 IU) did not affect the ERP. Plasma vasopressin concentrations after the 0.025 IU dose in these experiments were comparable to those after intranasal administration of 20 IU AVP. The results provide functional evidence that in the human brain effects of peptides like AVP may be facilitated after IN as compared to i.v. administration.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed1996

Event-related brain potentials during identification of tachistoscopically presented pictures.

In the present study in 20 healthy subjects, event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate the identification of picture stimuli. Each of 36 landscape pictures and 36 scrambled pictures was presented by a tachistoscope repeatedly until the subject made an identification response. Presentation of one picture was finished after 12 exposures. On the average, landscapes were identified after 5.8 +/- 0.4 exposures; identification responses to scrambles were always wrong and occurred after 11.8 +/- 0.1 exposures. Latencies and amplitude measures were assessed for P2, P3, N400, and the slow wave (SW). Changes in P2 across stimulus presentations did not differ between landscapes and scrambles excluding this component from being indicative for the processing of stimulus meaning. Amplitude of P3 generally declined across presentations, but increased prior to identification for landscape pictures. N400 rapidly declined across presentations of landscapes, but less rapidly for scrambles. The SW increased across stimulus presentations. This increase was more pronounced for landscape than scrambled pictures. The pattern of ERP changes can be interpreted in a framework of a stepwise inhibition of spreading activation within semantic memory with progressing picture identification.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Jealousy, general creativity, and coping with social frustration during the menstrual cycle.

Sensitivity to feelings of jealousy in women (n = 16) at three phases of their menstrual cycle differing in serum hormone concentrations (menses, preovulatory phase, midluteal phase) was investigated. Nonspecific electrodermal activity indicating sympathetic excitation was measured while subjects listened to stories and imagined situations inducing (i) nonsexual jealousy (the partner forms a deep emotional attachment to another woman), (ii) sexual jealousy (the partner has sexual intercourse with another woman), and (iii) no jealousy (social interaction lacking intense emotionality). Subjective ratings of the intensity of jealousy during both stories of jealousy were also assessed. In addition, changes in cognitive coping abilities, in general, and in the context of socially frustrating events, were assessed by tests of divergent thinking (creativity) and the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test. Frequency of nonspecific electrodermal reactions was generally enhanced during the preovulatory phase. This increase was particularly strong when the women listened to stories inducing nonsexual jealousy, i.e., a story characterized by cues of a complete loss of the partner's investment. Rated jealousy tended to be enhanced during the ovulatory phase, especially after the story of nonsexual jealousy. These changes in emotionality were paralleled by an improved divergent thinking performance and less aggressive coping with socially frustrating events around the time of ovulation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Sensory processing during early and late nocturnal sleep.

The present experiments in 10 healthy men compared auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) and heart rate (HR) indicators of stimulus processing during early and late phases of nocturnal stage 2 sleep. Definition of early and late sleep relied on endocrine pituitary-adrenal secretory activity which is known to be inhibited during early nocturnal sleep but sharply increases during late sleep. AEPs and HR responses were recorded to trains of 10 tone pips (1000 Hz; interstimulus interval 15 s; intertrain interval > 3 min). On one night, tone pips were presented in the first part of sleep, on the other night tone presentation took place in the second part, with the order of conditions balanced across subjects. Amplitudes of N150 and N550 components of the AEP, and of acceleratory and deceleratory HR responses, were higher during the first than second part of nocturnal sleep (P < 0.05). Moreover, habituation of P240 and N550 amplitudes was slower during the first than second part of sleep (P < 0.05). In supplementary experiments, AEP and HR responses to the same stimuli did not differ between the first and second part of the night when subjects were waking during stimulation. Results indicate a reduced inhibitory control over cortical stimulus processing during early nocturnal sleep. This diminished inhibition of cortical processing together with other concomitant changes during early sleep (such as the enhanced inhibition of pituitary-adrenal secretion) may reflect a coordinated regulatory function of sleep possibly mediated by hippocampal mechanisms.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1996

Sleep and signs of attention during 3 months of intranasal vasopressin: a pilot study in two elderly subjects.

Prominent features of aging include a decrease of attention abilities and loss of sleep. Although acute effects of vasopressin (VP) on these functions in the elderly remained inconsistent, beneficial effects of the peptide may develop only with subchronic treatment, which so far has not been tested. This pilot study examined the changes in: i) event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during an attention task, ii) mood, and iii) nocturnal sleep in two healthy elderly subjects during a 3-month period of VP treatment (40 IU/day). The period of VP treatment was preceded and followed by 4-week periods of placebo treatment. ERPs and mood were not consistently affected by VP. However, unexpectedly, VP improved sleep by markedly enhancing nocturnal slow-wave sleep (SWS, p < 0.05). These findings indicate that effects of subchronic treatment with VP involve mechanisms different from those mediating acute effects.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed1996

Corticosteroid receptor mediated effects on mood in humans.

The present double-blind cross-over study aimed to discriminate effects of dexamethasone (DEX) and cortisol (CORT) on mood in ten healthy men. DEX is assumed to predominantly activate glucocorticoid receptors (GR) whereas CORT binds central nervous mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) as well as GR. Mood was assessed by an extensive adjective checklist (Eigenschaftswoerterliste) every morning during two 7-day experimental periods. During one of these periods, subjects were subchronically treated with placebo, during the other they received DEX (4 mg/day). On days 5 and 7 of these periods, (in a balanced manner) either placebo or CORT (10 mg/h) was infused during the night (9 h) before mood assessment. DEX, acutely, enhanced activation, concentration, and arousal (p < .05). During prolonged DEX administration, the energizing effect of the glucocorticoid decreased, but emotional arousability and negative feelings (anger, sadness) were significantly enhanced. CORT administered during prolonged DEX treatment, counteracted these negative feelings, and enhanced scores on a dimension of "high spirits". Sole administration of CORT also enhanced "high spirits" (p < .05) and, like DEX, activation and concentration (p < .05). Results suggest GR to mediate an energizing effect and, with prolonged activation, a dysphoric influence on mood. Predominant activation of MR appears to mediate changes towards euphoric mood.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1996

A nose-brain pathway for psychotropic peptides: evidence from a brain evoked potential study with cholecystokinin.

The access of substances to the brain is of particular relevance for the etiology and treatment of psychiatric and neurologic diseases. This study provides functional evidence for a direct access of peptides to the human brain after intranasal administration. Effects were compared of intranasal (IN, 10 micrograms) and intravenous (i.v., 0.25 and 2.5 micrograms) administered cholecystokinin-8 (CCK) on the auditory event related potential (AERP) in 20 healthy subjects. Also, plasma concentration of cortisol and ACTH were monitored. The study was designed as a placebo-controlled, double-blind within-subject cross-over comparison. AERPs were recorded while the subject performed on an attention task (oddball task). Plasma CCK concentrations after IN administration of CCK were comparable to those after i.v. administration of 0.25 microgram CCK, but were substantially lower than those after 2.5 micrograms CCK. The P3 complex of the AERP was markedly increased following the IN administration of CCK (p < .01) compared to placebo and to the i.v. administration of 0.25 microgram. This pattern was more obvious in women than men. Increases in plasma ACTH concentrations after CCK reached significance selectively following the IN mode of administration (p < .01).

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed1996

Changes in cortisol and growth hormone secretion during nocturnal sleep in the course of aging.

BACKGROUND: One current hypothesis of biological aging proposes that aging results from the deterioration of neuroendocrine functions. Sleep dependent growth hormone (GH) secretion is diminished in elderly people. However, the time course of this decrease from puberty to senescence is still unknown. Cortisol secretion is also related to sleep processes with the 24 hr nadir occurring, like the sleep dependent GH secretory surge, during the first half of nocturnal sleep. Whether age also affects the sleep-associated nadir of cortisol secretion has yet to be clarified. This study investigated changes in GH and cortisol secretion during sleep in 30 male volunteers age 20 to 92 yr. METHODS: After an adaptation night, each subject spent another night in the sleep laboratory for polygraphic sleep recording and determination of GH and cortisol levels every 15 min. RESULTS: GH peak values exponentially decreased with age (r = -.80, p < .001), while the cortisol nadir increased linearly as a function of age (r = .79, p < .001). Age-related changes in sleep-dependent secretion of GH and cortisol correlated significantly (r = .47, r = -.55, respectively; p < .05) with an age-dependent decrease in slow wave sleep. CONCLUSION: Alterations of GH peak amplitude and basal cortisol secretion are not restricted to senescence. These changes develop gradually during adult life with different time courses. Both changes in GH and cortisol secretion may act together to reduce anabolic functions of sleep in the aged.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Slow potential shifts at sleep--wake transitions and shifts between NREM and REM sleep.

Scalp-recorded direct current (DC) potentials and their topographical distribution (F3, F4, C3, C4 and Pz) were investigated at the transition from wakefulness to sleep, and during NREM-REM sleep and REM-NREM sleep transitions in 11 healthy men during normal sleep. Changes in endexpiratory CO2 partial pressure (ETCO2), scalp temperature and polysomnographic data were simultaneously measured. The transition to sleep was associated with a negative potential shift reaching significance bilaterally at frontal and central sites 5 to 10 minutes after sleep onset (p < 0.05). Largest shifts were found at frontal locations 10 to 15 minutes after sleep onset averaging (mean +/- SEM) -512 +/- 103 mu V. Negative DC potential shifts also occurred at the transitions from NREM to REM sleep and from REM to NREM sleep, but were, however, less pronounced. The negative DC shift at NREM-REM sleep transitions preceded the REM sleep onset (assessed conventionally by polysomnographic criteria) by about 1.5 minutes. Changes in temperature, ETCO2 and eye movements were ruled out as factors significantly contributing to the generation of these shifts. Assuming a neuronal origin of the DC potential, the negative shifts at the wake--sleep transition and between NREM and REM sleep suggest a temporary phase of increased cortical excitability.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Ceruletide improves event-related potential indicators of cognitive processing in young but not in elderly humans.

The effect of intravenously administered ceruletide, a cholecystokinin (CCK) analogue, on neurophysiologic signs of stimulus processing was tested in 16 young (19-28 years) and 16 aged (70-86 years) healthy subjects. Placebo or 2.5 micrograms ceruletide was infused within 30 minutes according to a double-blind within-subject crossover design. Thereafter, auditory event-related brain potential (AERP) responses to stimuli of an "oddball" task (including the random presentation of frequent standard tones and rare target tones) were recorded. Amplitudes of the P2, P3, and SW components of the AERP were reduced in aged subjects (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, and p < 0.01, respectively), and latencies (from stimulus onset) of the N2 and P3 components were prolonged (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Together, these changes indicate impaired cognitive processing capabilities in aged compared with young subjects. Ceruletide enhanced P3 and also the subsequent slow-wave (SW) component that occurs 500 to 700 ms poststimulus in young subjects (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). The peptide did not at all affect AERPs in the elderly subjects. Results demonstrate the capability of ceruletide after systemic administration to enhance central nervous system indicators of cognitive processing such as P3 and SW in young subjects. However, despite the clear effect of the CCK analogue in young subjects, it remained ineffective in the group of aged subjects and, thus, failed to compensate for the decline in AERP signs of working memory functioning in the elderly subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors fosinopril and enalapril differ in their central nervous effects in humans.

BACKGROUND: Although the antihypertensive actions of different angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are comparable, they may affect central nervous activity, mood and well-being differently. Thus, central nervous actions of ACE inhibitors may represent an essential factor determining compliance with antihypertensive therapy. OBJECTIVE: To compare central nervous effects of the biochemically different ACE inhibitors fosinopril and enalapril in healthy men. METHODS: In a double-blind cross-over study, auditory event-related brain potentials and heart rate variability were assessed 6 h after oral intake of placebo, enalapril (10 mg) and fosinopril (20 mg) with the doses being equipotent with regard to systemic ACE inhibition. Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenaline, vasopressin and cortisol were determined 3 and 6 h after drug intake. Central nervous effects mediated via direct systemic hypotensive actions were avoided (although not completely ruled out) by including only subjects (n = 14) who displayed no substantial drop in blood pressure following intake of the ACE inhibitors. RESULTS: Enalapril, but not fosinopril, enhanced the N1 component and the N1-P2 amplitude of the event-related brain potential (P < 0.05). In addition, enalapril enhanced plasma noradrenaline concentrations (P < 0.05). A similar effect of fosinopril failed to reach significance. There was no clear-cut effect of ACE inhibition on heart rate variability, and also plasma concentrations of adrenaline, vasopressin and cortisol remained unaffected. CONCLUSION: The results suggest an enhancing effect of enalapril on mechanisms regulating stimulus-induced cortical arousal and central nervous sympathetic outflow. The effects diverging between enalapril and fosinopril indicate that access to human brain functions differs among the various types of ACE inhibitors.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Enhanced psychophysiological signs of attention after angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition by captopril.

Complementary to its essential role in the central nervous control of cardiovascular activity, the neuropeptide angiotensin II may regulate attentional processes. The present study evaluated central nervous, cardiovascular, and sympathetic indicators of attention after inhibition of angiotensin II synthesis by captopril (50 mg vs. placebo) in 14 men. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and stimulus-related electroencephalographic (EEG) activity were recorded while the subject performed an auditory oddball task. Captopril increased both the N1-P2 component of the ERP (p < .05) and--following the first tone of the task--the EEG desynchronization in the lower alpha frequency band (p < .05). Although blood pressure remained unchanged, heart rate was lowered (p < .05) and plasma norepinephrine concentrations increased (p < .01) after captopril. The effects suggest that inhibition of angiotensin II synthesis enhances an attentional state typically present during sensory intake.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1996

Endocrine effects of recombinant interleukin 6 in man.

In a phase II study, 5 male patients with a good performance status, who had metastatic renal cell carcinoma, received interleukin 6 (IL-6) to evaluate a possible antitumor effect of the cytokine. This offered the opportunity to investigate endocrine effects of IL-6 in man. The patients were studied the day before (day-1), and on days +1 and +21 of the IL-6 therapy (150 micrograms administered subcutaneously every day at 09.00 h). Blood was sampled at 09.00, 11.00, 13.00, 16.00, and 20.00 h. Compared with day -1, on days +1 and +21 serum levels of IL-6 were substantially elevated between 11.00 and 20.00 h. IL-6 significantly decreased serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels on day +1 (p < 0.05). The decrease was even more pronounced on day +21 when TSH concentrations were persistently below the respective values of day +1, suggesting, in addition to the acute action of IL-6, an effect developing with repeated IL-6 administrations. Total serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly lower on day +21 than on days -1 and +1. In contrast, free T3 and free T4 values did not differ among days -1, +1 and +21. Acutely, IL-6 had no effect on serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. However, on day +21, averaged serum LH levels (between 11.00 and 20.00 h) were significantly higher (8.4 +/- 1.1 IU/l) than on days -1 (6.5 +/- 0.2 IU/l) and +1 (6.4 +/- 0.4 IU/l). Average serum testosterone levels were slightly but not significantly enhanced on day +21. IL-6 did not influence follicle-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, or prolactin levels, neither acutely nor after 3 weeks of daily administration. The data indicate a modulating effect of IL-6 on secretory activity of different endocrine axes in man.

Carcinoma, Renal Cell↗