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Biomedical subjects

J Bhatia

Publications and source records attributed to J Bhatia.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Cord blood gamma glutamyl transferase activity: effect of gestational age, gender, and perinatal events.

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity was measured in cord blood of 125 preterm and term neonates ranging from 26 to 42 weeks of gestation. The enzyme activity was higher in cord blood of infants from 33 to 37 weeks' gestation than in those of younger or older gestation. Furthermore, GGT activity in infants of greater than 37 weeks' gestation was significantly higher in male than in female infants. There were no significant correlations between GGT and Apgar scores, regardless of gestational age. However, GGT activity in term infants with a history of perinatal events suggestive of stress (meconium passage in utero, fetal decelerations, tight nuchal cord, or difficult delivery) was significantly higher than in term infants without such perinatal history. No such association existed in infants of less than 38 weeks' gestation. Infants of 33 to 37 weeks' gestation delivered vaginally had significantly higher cord GGT activity than those delivered by cesarean section. This difference was not apparent in younger or older infants. These data suggest that GGT activity reflects gender, gestational age, route of delivery, and perinatal stress. Further investigation is required to establish the reasons for these differences and to determine the usefulness of such enzyme activity in the delineation of liver dysfunction during postnatal development.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1989

Sucking and breathing patterns during breast- and bottle-feeding in term neonates. Effects of nutrient delivery and composition.

We attempted to determine whether differences in milk composition or flow rate are the primary determinants in altering breathing pattern during nipple-feeding. In the first phase of the study, 15 neonates were studied during breast-feeding and bottle-feeding; in the second phase, 15 were evaluated during bottle-feeding of expressed human milk and formula. A reduction in inspiratory duration was observed with all feeding regimens. Moreover, significant prolongation in expiratory duration and reduction in breathing frequency were observed during bottle-feeding of formula and expressed human milk (compared with control); these effects were greater with formula feeding. Higher sucking frequency was observed during breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding; no difference in suckling frequency or sucking pressure was observed between bottle-feeding of expressed human milk and formula. We conclude that most of the differences in sucking and breathing patterns between breast- and bottle-feeding can be attributed to nutrient delivery rather than nutrient composition.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1989

Dental caries and periodontal diseases--a hospital based study.

Two thousand children aged 3 to 12 years, attending the Pediatric Outdoor and Well Baby Clinic were examined to find the prevalence of dental caries (DC) and periodontal diseases (PD). DC was detected in 55.75% whereas PD were present in 9.35% children. Even 3 to 5 years old were found to have a significant prevalence of the diseases. Children with an urban background, irregular brushing habits and malnutrition had significantly higher prevalence of both the diseases.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Human milk supplementation. Delivery of energy, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, and zinc.

Human milk when fed to preterm infants is frequently supplemented with human milk fortifiers that provide an additional source of protein, energy, and minerals. Human milk that was provided by the mother of a preterm infant, and that was supplemented with commercially available human milk fortifiers, was assessed under simulated syringe-pump and bolus feeding circumstances for the delivery of energy, calcium, phosphorus, copper, magnesium, and zinc to an infant. In general, the nutrients were not completely delivered with syringe-pump feedings, with the greatest losses occurring in the concentrations of calcium and phosphorus. The losses were more pronounced with the use of a powdered fortifier than with the use of a liquid fortifier. Little or no change in the concentrations of the various nutrients were observed with simulated bolus feeding. We suggest that human milk fortified with supplements be fed with care to assure complete delivery of the nutrients and that infants receiving such feedings be monitored to assure adequate nutritional status.

Calcium↗
PubMed1988

Growth and total body water in premature infants fed "in-utero" or "ex-utero".

Total body water and anthropometric measurements were compared in two groups of premature infants. The first group included infants with birthweights less than 1,501 g who were fed under usual clinical circumstances and studied at a bodyweight of 1,800-2,100 g ("Ex-utero"); the second group of infants had a birthweight of 1,800 to 2,100 g and were studied within the first week of life ("In-utero"). Triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were significantly greater in "Ex-utero" infants than in "In-utero" infants, whereas body length was significantly greater in the latter group compared to the former. There were no difference in total body water, abdominal skinfold thickness, or midarm circumference between the two groups. These data suggest that feeding premature infants a standard premature infant formula under established guidelines leads to differences in body and fat distribution but not total body water compared to infants nourished "in utero".

Arm↗
PubMed1986

Parenteral antibiotics and carbohydrate intolerance in term neonates.

To evaluate the effects of parenteral antibiotics on carbohydrate tolerance, fecal reducing substances, stool frequency, and dietary manipulation were monitored in two groups of term neonates. The first group (n = 25) consisted of neonates receiving parenteral ampicillin sodium and gentamicin sulfate. A second group (n = 25) of matched neonates not receiving antibiotics served as controls. Most of the neonates were fed a standard lactose-containing formula and the remainder were breast-fed. Stool frequency, presence of fecal reducing substances, and requirement for dietary manipulation were significantly greater in neonates receiving antibiotics compared with controls. Infants manifesting symptomatic carbohydrate intolerance while receiving parenteral antibiotics may benefit either from receiving lactose-free formula or from decreasing the intake of lactose for the duration of antibiotic therapy.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Hexosaminidase: a marker for healing after ischemic gut injury.

Serum hexosaminidase activity (HEX) is elevated with ischemic gut injury. To determine if subsequent decreases in HEX correlate with gut healing, 97 weanling rats were subjected to laparotomy at which alternate vascular bundles were ligated along the base of the entire anterior mesenteric artery arcade. Fifteen rats served as preoperative controls. After recovery, rats were allowed ad lib food and water. Groups were then killed at intervals, blood was drawn for HEX determination, and samples of small bowel were taken for histological evaluation. Microscopically, focal ischemic necrosis began at 6 hr. Between 12 and 48 hr, cellular changes were consistent with progressive ischemic injury. Evidence of healing was apparent beginning at 5 days and these histological changes correlated with changes in HEX. Thus HEX proves useful as a marker for gut healing in this model.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Comparative effects of dopamine, naloxone, and prostacyclin in the resuscitation of fecal-Escherichia coli peritonitis-induced septic shock in neonatal swine.

To explain the high neonatal mortality from peritonitis-induced septic shock despite current resuscitation practices, the efficacy of dopamine, naloxone, and prostacyclin was evaluated in an experimental neonatal model. Hemodynamics were monitored and survival was measured in anesthetized neonatal swine, which were subjected to fatal fecal-Escherichia coli peritonitis-induced septic shock. All the animals received fluid resuscitation, antibiotics, and bicarbonate to correct acidosis. Pharmacologic resuscitation began when cardiac output dropped below baseline in the experimental groups. Although significant differences were observed between groups in cardiac output, mean arterial and mean pulmonary arterial pressures, left ventricular stroke work, stroke volume, and pulmonary vascular resistance indices (P less than 0.02), and each animal exhibited favorable hemodynamic responses during the first several hours of dopamine and naloxone infusion, these drugs failed to prolong survival. Also, 5 of the 9 naloxone-treated pigs (56%), died with histologically proven intestinal ischemia (P less than 0.02). Thus, dopamine, naloxone, and prostacyclin (at doses commonly recommended for the treatment of septic shock) fail to positively influence the fatal course of this condition, and the use of naloxone in this model is associated with profound intestinal ischemia.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1985

Resolution of pneumothorax in neonates.

The resolution time of pneumothorax in neonates requiring tube thoracotomy is not known. We found that 28%, 50%, and 83% of 54 pneumothoraces in 40 neonates resolved within 24, 96, and 168 h of tube thoracotomy, respectively. Pneumothoraces that persisted beyond 168 h were in infants requiring ventilatory assistance. Moreover, a significantly (p less than .05) greater number of preterm infants with persistent pneumothorax developed chronic lung disease compared to preterm infants in whom pneumothorax resolved by 168 h.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1985

The study of fecal-Escherichia coli peritonitis-induced septic shock in a neonatal pig model.

Peritonitis-induced septic shock in the neonate is associated with a high mortality. Because there exists no clinically relevant model to study resuscitation of these patients, a model using the neonatal pig was developed. After arterial and central venous cannulation, and placement of a left pulmonary-artery thermodilution catheter, 12 anesthetized neonatal pigs were "resuscitated" with fluids (5% albumin in lactated Ringer's solution at 15 ml/kg/hr), antibiotics, and correction of acidemia. The pigs were divided into two groups: a control group (n = 5), which was not subjected to peritonitis and which was killed after 6 hours of monitoring, and a septic group (n = 7), which was inoculated with an intraperitoneal injection of sterile pig feces and Escherichia coli and was monitored until death (mean survival time (S.D.) 546(159) minutes). Serial measurements of hemodynamic and laboratory data were obtained. While pigs in the control group showed no significant changes in these data as measured against time, the pigs in the experimental group showed an early transient rise in cardiac index which was significant (p less than .05) and which was followed by a steady decline in cardiac index until death. These changes in cardiac index were accompanied by a continuous decline in mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and systemic vascular resistance index, while pulmonary vascular resistance index showed a gradual continuous rise. The observed changes in hemodynamic and laboratory data mimic those anticipated in the human neonate with peritonitis-induced septic shock. This model proves reliable and reproducible, and shows promise as a tool to study the resuscitation of neonates with septic shock.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Formula fixed.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Tympanic membrane temperature of term and preterm neonates.

Deep body temperatures of 70 term and 24 preterm newborn infants were measured at two sites: deep rectum (5 cm beyond the anus) and tympanic membrane. A significant correlation was found between deep rectal and tympanic membrane temperatures in both term and preterm infants. Mean deep rectal and tympanic membrane temperatures in term infants were 37.01 degrees C and 36.83 degrees C, respectively. Mean deep rectal and tympanic membrane temperatures in preterm infants were both 36.69 degrees C.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1984

Temperature measurement in term and preterm neonates.

Body temperatures of 99 term and 44 preterm infants were measured at four sites: core (5 cm beyond the anus, with an electronic telethermometer), rectum (2 cm, with a mercury-in-glass thermometer), axilla, and between the skin and mattress. Temperatures measured at the four sites agreed closely in this group of largely normothermic infants. However, five of seven term infants with abnormal core temperature (greater than 1.5 SD below or above the mean) would have been judged to be normothermic by each of the three other measurements. The temperatures in preterm infants were lower and varied less with the site of measurement, indicating a smaller core-surface temperature gradient because of their relative lack of thermal insulation by body fat. Axillary temperature was as reliable as rectal temperature measured in the usual way with a mercury-in-glass thermometer. Measurement of the temperature between the skin and mattress was nearly as accurate as the other more frequently used methods. Ninety percent of temperatures were within 0.1 degree C of their final stabilization readings by 5 minutes for each type of thermometer and measurement site.

Axilla↗
PubMed1983

Retinol-binding protein and prealbumin in cord blood of term and preterm infants.

Retinol-binding protein (RBP) and prealbumin (PA) are potentially useful indicators of inadequate protein and/or energy intake. Concentrations of RBP and PA were determined in cord blood of 117 infants and were found to be lower before 37 weeks gestation than at term. Adult subjects had substantially higher concentrations of RBP and PA than found in cord blood.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Formulas for premature infants: fate of the calcium and phosphorus.

Formulas designed for feeding of premature infants contain minerals added by the manufacturer. Although it is known that these minerals may be poorly suspended in the formula, little is known about concentrations of minerals in formula delivered to the infant under conditions prevailing in premature infant nurseries. In partially empty bottles of Similac Special Care, concentrations of calcium and phosphorus of this residual formula were found to be substantially greater than concentrations in full bottles. Presumably, concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in formula delivered to the infants was relatively low. Enfamil Premature and SMA Preemie infant formulas contain lesser quantities of added calcium and demonstrated less tendency to sedimentation. Substantial decrease in concentration of calcium was observed with all three formulas during continuous infusion, but the decrease was greatest with Similac Special Care. Little or no change in concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were observed with simulated bolus feeding by gavage.

Calcium, Dietary↗