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Biomedical subjects

J Barnes

Publications and source records attributed to J Barnes.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Articles on complementary medicine in the mainstream medical literature: an investigation of MEDLINE, 1966 through 1996.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the growth of interest, if any, in complementary or alternative medicine by the professional scientific community from the number of MEDLINE-listed and clinical trial-type articles for January 1, 1966, through December 31, 1996. METHODS: Systematic literature searches of the MEDLINE database, using the expanded terms "alternative medicine," "traditional medicine," "acupuncture," "homeopathy," and "chiropractic," were conducted in January 1998 to evaluate the number of all articles. The number of clinical trial-type articles on the above was obtained by conducting searches for those indexed as 1 or more of the following publication types: clinical trial; clinical trial phase 1, 2, 3, or 4; controlled clinical trial; metaanalysis; randomized controlled trial; and limited to "human" trials only. RESULTS: Articles indexed as alternative medicine formed a small proportion (0.4%) of the total number of MEDLINE-listed articles throughout the period studied. From 1966 through 1996, the total number of articles listed in MEDLINE rose significantly to a peak of 400000 additions per annum in 1996 (r = 0.97; P<.001). By contrast, the number of articles indexed under alternative medicine rose progressively only from 1972 through 1986 and since then has been relatively stable at around 1500 additions per annum. For this period, the proportion of clinical trial-type alternative medicine articles was low (mean, 2.1% per annum) but increased significantly from 1987 through 1996, reaching around 10% of the total in 1996 (r = 0.79; P<.001). Patterns of growth in the number of publications for individual therapies have varied during the period studied, and clinical trial-type articles form only a small part of any increase. CONCLUSIONS: Interest in and awareness of complementary medicine among orthodox health care professionals has increased in the past 30 years. The increase in the number and proportion of reports of clinical trials indicates an increasing level of original research activity in complementary medicine and suggests a trend toward an evidence-based approach in this discipline. The cumulative number of clinical trial-type articles is small, however, and more high-quality original research in complementary medicine is required.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A reappraisal of abortion as a method of fertility control.

Some of the factors which led up to the passing of the British Abortion Act in 1967 (which came into effect ten years ago in April 1968) are outlined. British health advantages of the liberal and legalized abortion policy are described, as are the attitudes and opinions since passage of the act. Reference is made to the findings of the British Committee on the Working of the Abortion Act which were reported in 1974. The use of abortion as the sole method of fertility control in certain countries of Eastern Europe is discussed.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alterations in mRNA expression of duodenal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor and vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein in aged Wistar rats.

Previously, we reported that uptake of calcium into isolated duodenal cells and duodenal brush border membrane vesicles decreased in senescence. Decreases in duodenal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] receptor number and 9k vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein (CaBP) were also observed in aged rats. In this study, we examined the steady state mRNA levels of duodenal 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor and CaBP in both adult (6-month-old) and old (24-month-old) rats. We identified one major band of 4.4 kb for 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor mRNA. The size of the transcript was not affected by age. The content of 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor mRNA (normalized with poly(A)+RNA) decreased 23% in the aged rat as compared to the adult rat. The expression of CaBP was also examined. A single band of 0.6 kb was observed for CaBP mRNA. The size of CaBP mRNA was not altered with age. However, the abundance of CaBP mRNA (normalized with poly(A)+RNA) was reduced 20% in the senescent rat. Thus, the results in the present study were consistent with our previous findings that the number of 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptors and the level of CaBP declined in the aged rat. However, the precise mechanism leading to the age-related deficit in mRNA expression remains to be elucidated.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vivo and in vitro effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on femoral mRNA expression in old rats.

The in vivo response of bone to IGF-I infusion in a marrow ablation model and the effect of IGF-I on bone marrow stromal cells in vitro was evaluated. IGF-I (25 ng/day), infused directly into femur, stimulated the expression of alkaline phosphatase, procollagen alpha 1 (I) and osteopontin mRNA, while osteocalcin mRNA was not affected. The dose dependency to IGF-I was bi-phasic, with stimulation at 25 and 50 ng but not at 150 ng/day. The effect of IGF-I was observed in the aged but not in the adult rat femur. However, the elevated mRNA levels in old bones with IGF-I treatment were still below those observed in adult bones. The effect of IGF-I was also examined in cultured stromal cells. IGF-I (50 ng/ml) stimulates the expression of alkaline phosphatase, procollagen alpha 1 (I), osteopontin and osteocalcin mRNA in stromal cells from both adult and old rats. These results suggest that the lack of response of adult bone to IGF-I in vivo was not due to the impaired response of the stromal cells to IGF-I. Differences in the responses of stromal cells from adult and old animals were noted. In the presence of serum (10%), stromal cells from adult rats were stimulated to synthesize DNA at lower levels of IGF-I than stromal cells from old animals. Our results show that IGF-I can stimulate mRNA expression of osteoblast markers in vivo in aged rats in a marrow ablation model and enhance DNA synthesis and gene expression in cultured marrow stromal cells from old rats. Thus, it is possible that exogenous IGF-I could be beneficial in treating age-associated osteopenia.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial.

BACKGROUND: Solar radiation reduces the bacterial content of water, and may therefore offer a method for disinfection of drinking water that requires few resources and no expertise. METHODS: We distributed plastic water bottles to 206 Maasai children aged 5-16 years whose drinking water was contaminated with faecal coliform bacteria. Children were instructed to fill the bottle with water and leave it in full sunlight on the roof of the hut (solar group), or to keep their filled bottles indoors in the shade (control group). A Maasai-speaking fieldworker who lived in the community interviewed the mother of each child once every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. Occurrence and severity of diarrhoea was recorded at each follow-up visit. FINDINGS: Among the 108 children in households allocated solar treatment, diarrhoea was reported in 439 of the 2-week reporting periods during the 12-week trial (average 4.1 [SD 1.2] per child). By comparison, the 98 children in the control households reported diarrhoea during 444 2-week reporting periods (average 4.5 [1.2] per child). Diarrhoea severe enough to prevent performance of duties occurred during 186 reporting periods in the solar group and during 222 periods in the control group (average 1.7 [1.2] vs 2.3 [1.4]). After adjustment for age, solar treatment of drinking water was associated with a reduction in all diarrhoea episodes (odds ratio 0.66 [0.50-0.87]) and in episodes of severe diarrhoea (0.65 [0.50-0.86]). INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that solar disinfection of water may significantly reduce morbidity in communities with no other means of disinfection of drinking water, because of lack of resources or in the event of a disaster.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Qualitative interview study of communication between parents and children about maternal breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To examine parents' communication with their children about the diagnosis and initial treatment of breast cancer in the mother. DESIGN: Qualitative interview study within cross sectional cohort. SETTING: Two breast cancer treatment centres. PARTICIPANTS: 32 women with stage I or stage II breast cancer with a total of 56 school aged children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Semistructured interview regarding timing and extent of communication with children about the diagnosis and initial treatment of the mother's illness, reasons for talking to children or withholding information, and help available and requested from health professionals. RESULTS: Women were most likely to begin talking to their children after their diagnosis had been confirmed by biopsy, but a minority waited until after surgery or said nothing at all. Family discussion did not necessarily include mention of cancer. There was considerable consistency in the reasons given for either discussing or not discussing the diagnosis. The most common reason for not communicating was avoidance of children's questions and particularly those about death. While most mothers experienced helpful discussion with a doctor concerning their illness, few were offered help with talking to children; many would have liked help, particularly the opportunity for both parents to talk to a health professional with experience in understanding and talking to children. CONCLUSIONS: Parents diagnosed with cancer or other serious illnesses should be offered help to think about whether, what, and how to tell their children and about what children can understand, especially as they may well be struggling themselves to come to terms with their illness.

Adult↗