Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J Bakhach

Publications and source records attributed to J Bakhach.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Salvage of digits replantations by direct arterial antithrombotic infusion].

At the end of the seventy, we saw the reconstructive microsurgery developed to such an extent that it became a new and an independent surgical specialty. The development of the microsurgical instrumentation and the description of the surgical anatomy allowed the application of this technology to the most complex plastic reconstructions and particularly to the replantation of the amputated digits, especially the very distal digital amputations. Nowadays, the indications of digital replantation are well-defined according to numerous parameters conditioning the anatomical result and the functional outcome. It is well-known that the replantation of the amputated digit should be realized as soon as possible with optimal conditions of digital hibernation during the patient transport. In spite of that technical progress, the failure rate is still relatively important. The causes are sometimes recognizable and connected to technical defection, such as a non permeable vascular anastomosis, bad hemodynamics conditions or an insufficient anticoagulation, while in certain cases, the digital ischemia occurs in spite of permeable and technically successful arterial anastomosis. We then consider a "no reflow phenomenon". It corresponds to the constitution of vascular microthrombi which will block the arteriolar network. Those microthrombi are inaccessible to the microsurgical techniques and their treatment remains medical by intra-arterial infusion of antithrombotic agents. Through our series of fifteen digital replantations, having suffered a "no reflow phenomenon", we are going to present the fibrinolytic protocol we used and the promising results we obtained. All our patients were victims of traumatisms associating avulsions and crush injuries mechanisms. The conditions of preservation of the amputated digits were all quite unfavourable: 1) the amputated digit soaked in water in 5 cases; 2) the amputated fingers underwent a long-term "warm ischemia" in three cases, going up to 13 hours for one of them; 3) the amputated digits were completely frozen in six cases; 4) and one amputated finger was correctly hibernated but for too long a period (8 hours). The signs of ischemia appeared very prematurely in the first minutes after the microvascular revascularisation in ten cases, and in average within three hours postoperatively in the other five cases, with extreme cases going from 2 up to 6 hours. As soon as the diagnosis of "no reflow phenomenon" was confirmed, an intra-arterial catheter was fixed. The radial axis was chosen as the arterial infusion way and approached at the level of the pulse groove. The antithrombotic protocol included a flash of 50,000 UI of urokinase, 36 ml of lidocaïne 1% and 40 mg of enoxaparine, followed by an electric syringe infusion the first six hours with 150,000 UI of urokinase, 36 ml of lidocaïne 1% and 40 mg of enoxaparine at 6 cc/h speed. The urokinase was then interrupted but the intra-arterial infusion maintained with 72 ml of lidocaïne 1% and 80 mg of enoxaparine for 24 hours, at a 3 cc/h speed, and this for ten days. In 12 cases, the "no reflow phenomenon" was able to be raised and the digital vascularization restored. The success rate is very encouraging (80%) and it turns this protocol into a precious ally of the digit replantation microsurgery and an effective therapeutic means way against the "no reflow phenomenon".

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[The dorsoradial flap: a new flap for hand reconstruction. Anatomical study and clinical applications].

The authors report a new cutaneous flap harvested from the dorsal and distal quarter of the forearm: the dorsoradial flap. The vascularisation type of the cutaneous paddle belongs this flap to the anterograde and axial family flaps. The anatomical study carried out on thirty six fresh cadaver upper arms showed a constant and a consistent cutaneous collateral branch of the radial artery which arises at the apex of the first intermetacarpal space. Two anatomical types were recorded according to the origin of the dorsoradial artery: type I (84% of cases), the vessel arises directly from the radial artery; type II (16% of cases), it arises from a common trunk with the first dorsal intermetacarpal artery. Those anatomical findings does not influence the flap operative technique, the flap design and the location of the pedicle pivot point. The dorsoradial artery emerges vertically from the apex of the first intermetacarpal space, crosses the angle between the extensor pollicis longus tendon laterally and the extensor carpi radialis longus tendon medially and turns proximally towards the distal radio-ulnar joint. Over the dorsal aspect of the wrist, the dorsoradial artery enters the subcutaneous tissue, runs parallel to the extensor pollicis longus tendon at three millimeters in a medial position, passes over the medial collateral branch of the superficial radial nerve and irrigates all the distal and dorsal quarter of the forearm. The artery is consistently accompanied by two comitantes veins, which assume the venous drainage of the cutaneous territory. The flap paddle is designed over the distal dorsal forearm quarter, between the dorsal crease of the wrist distally, the ulnar crest medially and the radial crest laterally. All this skin territory can be harvested and supplied by the dorsoradial pedicle, but we always should deal with the needs of the defects reconstruction and the morbidity of the donor site. The vascular pedicle is outlined between the distal radio-ulnar joint and the apex of the first intermetacarpal space with a minimum of one centimeter width. The surgical procedure is carried out under a tourniquet without an upper arm exsanguination. The skin is firstly dissected over the vascular pedicle through an S shape incision; it is lifted on the dermo-hypodermis plan preserving all the superficial venous network with the pedicle. The flap is elevated from proximal to distal including the dorsal forearm fascia. Over the dorsal extensor retinaculum, the dissection is underwent close to it elevating all the subcutaneous tissues. The medial collateral branch of the superficial radial nerve should be identified and respected. At the distal border of the dorsal retinaculum, the extensor pollicis longus and the extensor carpi radialis longus tendons are identified and retracted. The pedicle dissection goes deeper between this two tendons towards the first web space. It takes all the areolar tissue around the pedicle in order to preserve the venous network of the cutaneous paddle. The donor site is closed primarily if the skin width does not exceed 3 cm or grafted secondarily. Its large rotational arc allows the cutaneous paddle to cover the dorsal hand and metacarpo-phalangeal long fingers defects, the dorsal aspect of the thumb and the first intermetacarpal space. It can also safely reach the palmar aspect of the wrist. We report four clinical cases where the dorsoradial flap was successfully applied. This preliminary clinical experience exhibits the vascular network reliability and the operative technique simplicity of this new cutaneous flap. We believe that it should be added to the armamentarium of the reconstructive hand surgeon and considered as a useful tool for soft tissue hand and thumb reconstruction defects.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[The Omega "Omega" pulley plasty. A new technique to increase the diameter of the annular flexor digital pulleys].

The authors report a new technique of pulley plasty of the flexor digital system. It is not an operative procedure to reconstruct a damaged pulley but an original way to expand the volume of an intact pulley in order to adapt its volume to the diameter of the repaired flexor tendon. The flexor tendons ruptures in Verdan zone II and particularly in Tang zones IIA and IIB are often accompanied by an osteofibrous tunnel injury. Initially, the tendon sheath closure was advised after tendons repair. This sheath recovery had to have an effect on tendons nutrition by establishing the synovial cavity continuity and particularly to protect the tendons from adhesions formation. The closure of the digital tube was rapidly shown to be unnecessary creating an obstacle to the tendons movements without any effect on tendons healing. In primary tendon management, the tendon repair is associated with an increase of the tendon diameter. An incongruence appears with the surrounding digital tube with gliding resistance complicating the tendon injury recovery. In secondary tendon injury management, the flexor digital tube is subject to healing and inflammatory process. This situation with the absence of the flexor tendon generates a retraction with a collapse of the digital tunnel over the injured area. This incongruence between the repaired flexor tendons and the narrowed digital tube required a release of the retracted zone to restore an adequate volume. The only way reported is the "Venting" of a part or the total length of the pulley. This procedure even if it resolves the tendon gliding resistance, is still unacceptable. Indeed it destroys an important anatomical structure of the flexor tendon dynamic system. The flexor pulley Omega plasty "Omega" consists in releasing the lateral palmar attachment of the pulley enhancing its internal volume and increasing the flexor tendon gliding area. The digital tube is composed by the succession of five annular and three cruciform pulleys. The cruciform pulleys are thin and flexible. They retract during the digital flexion assuring the continuity of the digital tube, while the annular pulleys are thicker and fill a biomechanical function. There are two types of annular pulleys: the joint pulleys as A1, A3 and A5; they are attached to the palmar plates of the MP, PIP and DIP joints respectively. During the digital movement, they retract approximately 50% of their length. The osseous pulleys as A2 and A4 are fixed over the lateral and palmar borders of the first and the second phalanx respectively. It is on these pulleys that the Omega plasty is practised. The operative procedure is simple. It consists on a periosteal dissection over the one lateral border of the phalanx. The liberation is undergone palmarly releasing the lateral attachment of the pulley. It respects the anatomical continuity of the pulley and its mechanical properties. Indeed, the continuity of the pulley is fully respected with the periosteal flap of the digital tube floor maintaining sufficient attachment to the pulley to resist to the flexor tendon forces. The level of the flexor tendon injury and the digit position during the initial trauma will determine the level of tendon resistance and where the pulley plasty must be made. If the flexor zone II injury occurred with the digit in an extension position, the tendon conflict appears with the A2 pulley, while it arises with the A4 pulley if the digit was in flexed position. The Omega plasty creates the ideal conditions for an optimal flexor tendon movement recovery. It is a simple and a reproducible procedure. It doesn't distort the mechanical properties of the pulley and the digital tube. We used this pulley Omega plasty fifteen times in twelve patients. In 60% of the cases, the injury concerned the dominant hand, and in 67% of the cases, it was a work accident. In eight of our cases, the omega plasty was done in emergency at the same time of flexor tendon repair, while in the other seven cases, the pulley Omega plasty accompanied the late flexor tendon repair forgotten during the initial trauma management. In ten cases, the plasty concerned the A4 annular pulleys, while in the other five cases, it concerns the A2 annular pulleys. Four cases necessitate a secondary tenolysis three months after the tendon repair. Two patients moved out and cannot be included in our results. On the thirteen-remainder cases, nine retrieved a full digital flexion particularly those who underwent digital tenolysis, while the other four cases retrieved a satisfying digital function in spite of the partial DIP flexion. In our hand, the pulley Omega plasty "Omega" becomes almost a systematic procedure in conjunction with the flexor tendon repair. It offers the ideal conditions for a tendon healing and a physiological flexor tendons motion recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[The Omega "Omega" pulley plasty: a new technique for the surgical management of the De Quervain's disease].

The Omega "Omega" pulley plasty: a new technique for the surgical management of the De Quervain's disease. The De Quervain tenosynovitis is an inadequacy into the first extensor compartment between the osteo-fibrous tunnel and the tendons. This mechanical conflict generates a tenosynovitis of the extensor pollicis brevis and the abductor pollicis longus tendons. This is generally expressed by a tenderness on the radial side of the wrist over the radial styloid process. The medical management consists on corticoids infiltrations of the first extensor compartment, the avoidance of repetitive and stress movements of the first ray with the use of a rest splint. The surgical approach is considered with the recurrence of the painful symptoms. This well-known pathology is reputated to require a simple section of the pulley. Our post-operative complications have been reported in the literature of this classical surgical solution. These complications concern an incomplete release of the extensor pollicis brevis and the abductor pollicis longus tendons particularly when an extensor sub-compartment exists and was overlooked, an irritation of the collateral branches of the sensitive radial nerve or the occurrence of a nevroma after a nerve injury and the most serious complication is a palmar subluxation of the extensor tendons which can occur with the thumb extended and the wrist flexed. In rare cases, this subluxation can be really painful and requires a surgical management with secondary reconstruction of the pulley. This reconstruction necessitates distal pedicle flaps from the dorsal retinaculum or the brachioradialis tendon. To prevent these complications, Codega and Kapandji described techniques of reconstruction of the pulley after its release. More recently, Le Viet reported a procedure using the anterior flap of the pulley; fixed to the dermis it will work as a barrier and maintain the tendons sliding on the radial styloid groove. These techniques require to divide the pulley and to reconstruct it suturing the different flaps. It can generate adherences between the extensor tendons, the overlying skin and the collateral branches of the radial nerve. The authors present a new and original plasty procedure of the first extensor compartment pulley, the "Omega" Omega plasty. It consists to liberate the anterior attachment of the pulley over the anterior lip of the styloïd process respecting its continuity with the periosteum flap. This conservative procedure is very interesting; it permits enough expansion of the tunnel volume decompressing the extensor tendons as a treatment of the De Quervain disease and respecting the anatomy and the continuity of the osteo-fibrous tunnel. This technique is simple, reliable and respects the first ray extensor tendons gliding physiology and biodynamic. In spite of our short clinical experience with only ten cases, all the patients retrieve a normal function of the thumb with complete disappearance of the first ray tenderness and pain without any complications. These preliminary results are encouraging and push us to consider the "Omega" plasty as a first choice for the surgical treatment of the De Quervain tenosynovitis.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

[Introduction to the knowledge of subcutaneous sliding system in humans].

The mobility of our body structures is so intrinsic and natural to us that we tend to take it for granted. The very fact of being able to pinch your skin and lift it, then let it go and see it return to its initial shape and texture in just a few seconds may seem banal enough until you begin to think of all the elements involved. The same is true when you bend your fingers and think of the movement of the flexor tendon across the palm without external translation. For decades, scientists thought that the skin was simply an elastic structure with loose connective tissue and a more or less virtual space. However, in biomechanical terms, this explanation is very vague. These old concepts developed more than 50 years ago have evolved thanks to the impact of research at the microscopic level, and the global, mesospheric concept has been abandoned. And yet, surgical dissection in vivo demonstrates that there are only tissue connections, simply a histological continuum without any clear separation between skin and hypodermis, the vessels, the aponeurosis and the muscles. In fact, visible everywhere are structures, which ensure a gliding movement between the aponeurosis, the fat structures and the dermis. As they studied this system of gliding between the various organs, in particular at the level of the tendons, the authors noted the existence of a type of system composed of cables and veil-like structures that they term the Multimicrovacuolar Collagen Dynamic Absorption System (MCDAS). This system looks totally chaotic in organization and seems to function in a manner far removed from traditional mechanical structures. The functional unity of this sliding system is dependent upon a polyhedral three-dimensional crisscrossing in space of the microvacuoles, whose collagen envelope is type 1 or type 4 and whose content is made up of proteoglycoaminoglycans. The dynamic of this multimicrovacuolar system allows all of the subtle movements that occur within the body, thanks to its pre-stressed nature and the molecular fusion-scission-dilacerations that it is capable of. In this way, the system is mobile, can move quickly and interdependently, and is able to adapt is plasticity. This notion of microvacuoles is a fascinating one because it provides an explanation for the system's space-filling ability. The matter is composed of elements. However, although they seem to be arranged in a haphazard manner, this is not the case. In fact, they occupy space in an optimal manner. If we accept this notion of microvacuoles, then it becomes possible to explain certain pathologies occurring with age, such as edema, obesity, aging and inflammation. This sliding system is to be found everywhere in the body and would seem to be the basic network of tissue organization. For this reason, it should be thought of in global terms. Since it constitutes the inseparable link and occurs in all living structures and at many levels, could it be that it the basic architectural design of Life?

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

[Salvage of amputated digits by temporary ectopic implantation].

We present two clinical cases with complete amputation of multiple digits that were salvaged after having been successfully implanted on ectopic sites. The first case concerns a 73-year-old patient, who suffered a severe crush injury of his right hand that resulted in amputation of all four long fingers and an extensive tissue loss of the palm and the dorsum of the hand. Two of the amputated digits, that were considered to be replantable, were implanted on the dorsum of the left foot. The hand defect was covered with a pedicle groin flap. After six weeks, the two ectopically implanted fingers were transferred to their proper anatomical site. Several reconstructive procedures were performed later, in order to lengthen the first ray of the injured hand, and to deepen the first web space. Satisfactory functional results were recorded after eighteen months of follow-up. The second patient concerns a 45-year-old male patient, who had a gun shot accident of his right hand. The injury resulted in a composite tissue loss of the hand with complete amputation of his four long fingers. All fingers were implanted on the left forearm, while the hand defect was reconstructed using an osteocutaneous free flap of the iliac crest. Six weeks after the initial procedure, the ectopically implanted digits were transferred - as a single free flap - to the hand. We described with details the local conditions of the injured hands in both cases, and discuss the reasons we decided to perform this sophisticated method in order to preserve the viability and function of those totally amputated fingers. The recipient sites were selected in a distance from the injured area, always considering the availability and size of appropriate recipient vessels, and the safety of the surgical procedure. We agree that the whole concept of this procedure is very demanding, and requires several microsurgical operations with high risk of complications. However, it does deserve special consideration in reconstructive microsurgery, since it offers the possibility to salvage multiple amputated digits, by preserving the anatomy and restoring the function of severely injured hands.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Reverse dorsal digital and metacarpal flaps: a review of 27 cases.

Reverse dorsal digital and metacarpal flaps use the dorsal skin of the digital or metacarpal areas, and they are based on the arterial branches anastomosing the volar and dorsal arterial networks of the fingers. These flaps are transposed as reverse island flaps. Dissection of the flap is easy, fast, and preserves the collateral nerve and artery to the fingertip. A series of 27 flaps is reviewed, with more than 6 months of follow-up. Skin defects in all patients were located over or beyond the proximal interphalangeal joint as far as the fingertip and were combined with bone, joint, or tendon exposure. The flaps we used were reliable, and a joint or extensor tendon reconstruction could be performed at the same time. Patients were discharged the day after surgery and allowed to mobilize the finger early. No flap necrosis was observed, and donor site morbidity was minimal; primary closure or a skin graft was used in all patients. These flaps combine the advantages of an extended skin paddle and a versatile pivot point on the phalanx, and they allow coverage of wide and distal defects. When conventional local flaps are inadequate, this fast and simple procedure should be considered for its reliability and low associated morbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The reverse auricular flap: a new flap for nose reconstruction.

In the present article, the authors describe a new chondrocutaneous island flap from the ear helix for nose reconstruction. Anatomic studies showed that helix vascularization depends mainly on the superficial temporal vessels. The presence of vascular communications between the anterior frontal branch of the superficial temporal system and the supraorbital and supratrochlear arterial systems allows this flap to be used in a reverse vascular flow fashion. This new flap has been used successfully in seven cases for reconstructing composite defects of the nasal tip and ala. The donor-site defect is repaired with an advancement and rotation flap from the helical rim, leaving an inconspicuous scar and giving an acceptable cosmetic result of the donor area.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Dorsal metacarpal flap with an extensive retrograde pedicle. Anatomic study and 22 clinical cases].

The dorsal digitometacarpal flap or extended distal pedicled dorsal metacarpal flap is a new skin flap, useful in reconstructing large distal defects on the dorsal aspect of the digits. It is raised on the dorsum of the hand, over an intermetacarpal space. Its vascularisation is provided by proximal dorsal cutaneous branches of the digital collateral arteries through the rich, anastomotic arterial network of the webspace. This flap is a useful flap compared to others flaps harvested from the dorsum of the hand, such as the reverse metacarpal flaps. The operative procedure preserves the dorsal interosseous muscles aponeurosis, the junctura tendinum and the dorsal metacarpal artery. Its vascularisation depends on the webspace arterial network; it is constant contrary to the dorsal metacarpal arteries of the ulnar spaces. This flap is indicated to cover distal defects on the dorsum of the digits because of its large rotation arc. The anatomical basis and operative technique of the flap are described. Two out of 22 clinical cases were selected to illustrate the ability of this flap for reconstruction of digital defects.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[The reverse auricular flap. A new flap].

The authors describe a new chondrocutaneous reverse island flap from the ear helix for nose and eyelid reconstruction. Anatomic studies showed that the blood supply of the helix is derived from the superficial temporal system. The presence of vascular communications between the anterior frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery and the supra-orbital and supra-trochlear arterial systems allows this flap to be used in a reverse vascular flow fashion. Three flaps have been successfully used for reconstruction of alar and nose tip defects and in one case for total lower eyelid reconstruction. The donor site is repaired with an advancement and rotation flap from the helical rim giving an acceptable result. In this paper, the authors propose a new pedicle flap for reconstruction of complex nose and eyelid defects.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Hypothenar hammer syndrome: management of distal embolization by intra-arterial fibrinolytics.

We report a case of hypothenar hammer syndrome. The ulnar artery aneurysm was resected and a complete thrombectomy of the superficial palmar arch, the common digital and the proximal part of the collateral digital arteries was carried out. The arterial defect of the ulnar artery was repaired by a vein graft. Post-operatively, no clinical improvement was observed on the vascularisation of the second and third fingers. The arteriogram confirmed the presence of arterial obstruction on the distal part of the digital collateral arteries of this two fingers. The finger pulp started to show areas of skin gangrene and in view of the risk of finger necrosis, we decided to use fibrinolytics. This embolic events was dissolved by continuous fibrinolytic and anticoagulant intra-arterial infusion. The treatment was maintained for ten days restoring a normal digital vascularisation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Extensor digitorum brevis muscle flap: new refinements.

Two original operative techniques of raising the extensor digitorum brevis muscle flap are presented. These methods allow for covering distal foot defects that are difficult to cover by other reconstructive means. In the first technique, the flap is based on an extended distal pedicle supplied by the dorsal interosseous artery of the first intermetatarsal space. In the second technique, the flap receives its vascular supply from the medial tarsal artery; this procedure may be valuable when the vascular supply of the dorsalis pedis pedicle has been disrupted. To confirm the availability of these vascular pedicles, cadaver dissections were performed and proved that the extended pedicle dissection enhances the rotation arc of the flap. Four selective clinical cases, in which the flap was successfully used, are discussed. Advantages of these techniques, in reconstructing large defects in the distal foot, are delineated.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Eponychial flap].

The author describes an original and new method to lengthen the fingernail plate in distal digital amputation. After digital amputation, the loss of substance concerns the pulp tissue and fingernail apparatus. Generally, most palmar falp techniques can restore functional and aesthetic pulp. The fingernail defect is obviously not tolerated by the patient and needs to be corrected. The eponychial flap is a backward cutaneous translation flap. This flap lengthens the nail plate and restores normal dimensions of the nail apparatus. Two clinical cases are reported. This technique should be reserved for reconstruction of stage I and II distal digital amputations.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Lateral brachial flaps].

The "extreme" lateral arm flap is a new method for covering the distal upper limb. This flap is a modification of the classical lateral arm flap allowing his transfer as a pedicled flap to cover the forearm and the wrist. This technique is based on a new concept: "the reverse flow VY pedicle advancement". This requires an arterial bifurcation of the deep humeral artery: the medial collateral artery described in this study.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Reconstruction of the hand with forearm island flaps.

From all of the flaps reviewed, it is important to know how to select the most suitable choice in each case. Aside from the technical expertise of the surgeon, the indication depends on the size and the location of the substance loss. For large defects in any location, the radial forearm flap remains the most reliable and safest choice. For children and women, the authors prefer distant pedicled transfers or free flaps to minimize cosmetic donor site morbidity. For small or medium defects that cannot be managed by a local transposition flap, the indication is based on the location of the wound. Palmar defects, if proximal and ulnar, may be covered using the dorsal ulnar flap, with little morbidity in the donor area. The anterior interosseous flap seems a better choice whenever vascularized tendon, nerve, or bone are needed also. For the first web space and neighboring radial defects, the posterior interosseous flap provides a reasonable alternative. Dorsal defects of the hand can be reconstructed with a posterior interosseous flap, provided there is no suspicion of injury to the anastomotic dorsal system of the wrist. The anterior interosseous flap is a good choice for composite osteocutaneous transfers. For complex composite defects, the ulnar artery forearm flap distally based may be indicated for reconstructive problems requiring vascularized flexor tendons. The anterior interosseous flap is able to provide excellent quality vascularized bone. Indications depend above all on the surgeon's experience and on the different schools. As always, the better flap is that which is performed by the surgeon who has mastered the particular surgical technique. In conclusion, this article is devoted to an update on forearm flaps and illustrates the innovative strength of this specialty. It also points out that, through in depth knowledge of the anatomy, flaps may be raised from many anatomic regions of a limb without disturbing the main vascular axis of that extremity. Minimizing the donor site morbidity while maximizing the quality of the reconstruction is the primary concern when indications are established for reconstructive hand surgery, which is where one of the authors' main research efforts resides.

Forearm↗
PubMed1997

[Distal extensor digitorum brevis muscle flap. Report of 2 cases].

The authors describe an original technical modification of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle flap. As described, its use in a classical reverse flow manner allows the flap to reach only the metatarsophalangeal joints. The presence of the first dorsal interosseous pedicle offers the possibility to sacrifice the plantar anastomoses of the pedis pedicle and raise the flap on the vascular network of the first metatarsal space. The point of rotation is moved distally from the apex of the first metatarsal space to its base. The length of the vascular pedicle is substantially enhanced and enables the flap to cover all dorsal and palmar defects of the toes. Two clinical cases are showed. The advantages of this flap are discussed, particularly its indication in reconstructive surgery of the foot.

Adult↗