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J Bailey

Publications and source records attributed to J Bailey.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

An MRI study of autism: the cerebellum revisited.

We addressed the controversies surrounding the size of the neocerebellar vermis in autism and examined cerebellar size in light of recent reports of enlarged brain size in this disorder. In this study we use detailed MRI (1.5 mm) to examine the area of cerebellar lobules I through V and VI and VII and the volume of the total cerebellum in 35 autistic subjects and 36 controls. No abnormalities in the size of cerebellar lobules VI and VII in autistic individuals were detected, but the volume of the total cerebellum was significantly increased. We conclude that selective neocerebellar size abnormalities are not present in autistic individuals. Enlarged total cerebellar volume detected in this study is consistent with previous reports of regional brain enlargement in autism and also consistent with theories hypothesizing that the primary defect in autism is the result of abnormal development of a distributed neural network involving a number of regions of the brain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Molecular cloning, over-expression, developmental regulation and immunolocalization of fragminP, a gelsolin-related actin-binding protein from Physarum polycephalum plasmodia.

FragminP is a Ca2+-dependent actin-binding and microfilament regulatory protein of the gelsolin family. We screened a Physarum polycephalum cDNA library with polyclonal fragminP antibodies and isolated a cDNA clone of 1,104 bp encoding 368 amino acids of fragminP, revealing two consensus phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate-binding motifs in the central part of the protein. The first methionine is modified by an acetyl group, and three amino acids were missing from the protein coded for by the cDNA clone. Full-length recombinant fragminP was generated by PCR, purified after over-expression from Escherichia coli and displayed identical properties to native Physarum fragminP. Northern blot analysis against RNA, isolated from cultures at various stages of development, indicated that fragminP is absent from amoebae and that expression is initiated at an early stage during apogamic development, in a similar way to that observed for the profilin genes. In situ immunolocalization of fragminP in Physarum microplasmodia revealed that the protein is localized predominantly at the plasma membrane, suggesting a role in the regulation of the subcortical actin meshwork. Our data indicate that we have isolated the plasmodium-specific fragminP cDNA (frgP) and suggest that, in each of its two vegetative cell types, P. polycephalum uses a different fragmin isoform that performs different functions.

Actins↗
PubMed1997

Acute regulation of glucose uptake in cardiac muscle of the American eel Anguilla rostrata.

We investigated the effects of anoxia and contractile activity on glucose uptake and the intracellular location of hexokinase in cardiac muscle of the American eel Anguilla rostrata. Uptake of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) by ventricle strips at 15 °C was increased by 45 % by anoxia and by 85 % by contractile activity over basal conditions. The anoxia- and contraction-induced increase in basal 2-DG uptake was inhibited completely by 25 µmol l-1 cytochalasin B, suggesting that facilitated glucose transporters are involved. Maximal activity of hexokinase in whole homogenates (approximately 10 µmol min-1 g-1 tissue) was 200 times higher than the maximal rate of 2-DG uptake measured in vitro (46 nmol min-1 g-1 tissue). Only 20­25 % of hexokinase activity was localized to the mitochondrial fraction, and this was not altered by perfusion of the hearts with anoxic media. It is therefore unlikely that anoxia-induced stimulation of 2-DG uptake is mediated by intracellular translocation of hexokinase. As in the case of mammalian muscle, glucose 6-phosphate is a potent inhibitor of hexokinase in eel cardiac muscle (IC50=0.44 mmol l-1). In summary, anoxia and contractile activity significantly increase 2-DG uptake in cardiac muscle of American eels, and glucose transport may be rate-limiting for glucose utilization. Increased utilization of glucose during anoxia or contractile activity may involve the recruitment of facilitative glucose transport proteins to the cell surface of myocytes or an increase in the intrinsic activity of glucose transporters already residing at the cell surface.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Quality costs.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1996

Isolation, mapping, and genomic structure of an X-linked gene for a subunit of human mitochondrial complex I.

We report here the isolation, mapping, and genomic organization of the human NDUFA1 gene, which is a component of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). The NDUFA1 cDNA clone and associated genomic cosmid clones were isolated by reciprocal probing of an arrayed human heart cDNA library with a X-chromosome cosmid library and were mapped to Xq24. The NDUFA1 gene, which is highly expressed in human cardiac and skeletal muscle, has an open reading frame of 70 amino acids and shows 80% homology to the bovine MWFE subunit of complex I. By primer extension, the major and minor transcription initiation sites were identified, 99 and 141 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiator ATG, respectively. The NDUFA1 gene is composed of 3 exons and spans about 5.0 kb of genomic DNA. The 5' region of the NDUFA1 gene (approximately 450-bp fragment) lacks conventional TATA and CAAT boxes, but it contains several potential binding sites for transcription factors including SP-1, AP-2, NF1, NRF2-like, APRRE, CRE, MyoD1, CArG, MEF-2, and BRE.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Using nursing theory to introduce change in practice.

This article outlines the theoretical basis of nursing using Carper's (1978) fundamental patterns of knowing and explains how this theory can be integrated with practice. The authors also describe how Carper's theory was used to introduce change related to the reduction in junior doctors' hours through the development, implementation and evaluation of nurse practitioners. Using a SWOT analysis exercise and various workshops, practitioners have been able to develop professionally and integrate the art and science of nursing.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMed1996

Characterization and genomic mapping of genes and pseudogenes of a new human protein tyrosine phosphatase.

Previously described protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are classified into three types according to their sequence homology and structural features. Here we describe the characterization of genes and pseudogenes of a member of a fourth type of PTP, designated protein tyrosine phosphatase 4A (PTP4A). The 167-amino-acid human PTP4A bears the signature active site of all PTPs, but does not show any other sequence homology to any of the previously described PTPs. Two cDNAs encoding PTP4A that differed in their noncoding regions were isolated. Another cDNA that has a high level of sequence identity with these two cDNAs and a deletion in the coding region was also isolated. Northern analysis using a probe from a common 3'-untranslated region of the cDNAs recognized mRNAs of about 2 and 4 kb. Both species of mRNA were seen in all human adult and fetal tissues tested. Fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of the corresponding yeast artificial chromosome clones and sequence-tagged site analysis suggested that one of the PTP4A coding genes is located at 1p35 and the other is on chromosome 11. A processed pseudogene for PTP4A was found in the BRCA1 region of 17q21 and shares 96% sequence identity to one of the PTP4A coding cDNAs. Our studies also suggest the existence of another processed pseudogene on chromosome 11.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Transactional analysis: how to improve communication skills.

Transactional analysis (TA) can be a useful framework for promoting effective communication. This article outlines the theoretical constructs of TA and suggests a strategy for teaching the model to diploma student nurses. The authors argue that an understanding of TA will allow nurses to analyse and adjust their skills to communicate more effectively.

Communication↗
PubMed1996

Neural isolation of the jejunoileum. Effect on tissue morphometry, mucosal disaccharidase activity, and tissue peptide content.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a model of intestinal extrinsic denervation on mucosal structure and function. Six dogs underwent in situ neural isolation of the jejunoileum (Group 2); six other dogs served as operated controls (Group 1), and five nonoperated dogs were naive controls (Group 3). Thirty-centimeter segments of proximal jejunum and distal ileum were excised before (time zero) and at 2 weeks and 8 weeks postoperatively in Groups 1 and 2, while similar regions were removed at time zero in Group 3. Tissues were analyzed for morphology with quantitative morphometry, mucosal disaccharidase activities (sucrase, maltase, and lactase), and tissue content of selected regulatory peptides in transmural, mucosa/submucosa, and muscularis regions. In situ neural isolation had no significant or consistent effects on morphology/morphometry or on mucosal disaccharidase activities. Tissue content of neuropeptide Y decreased markedly (P < 0.002) in all layers of the jejunal and ileal walls, but tissue content of vasoactive inhibitory polypeptide, substance P, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, met-enkephalin, neurokinin A, somatostatin, and calcitonin gene-related peptide demonstrated only minor changes. The physiologic effects of intestinal transplantation (extrinsic denervation and disruption of intrinsic, enteric neural continuity, and lymphatic drainage) have little effect on morphology, mucosal disaccharidase activity, and tissue content of most regulatory peptides. How these minor alterations might affect enteric function, however, needs to be investigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Molecular dissection of a cosmid from a gene-rich region in 17q21 and characterization of a candidate gene for alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase with two cDNA isoforms.

A cosmid mapped to human Chromosome (Chr) 17q21, c140c10, was found to contain a CpG island. We completed the sequence analysis of c140c10 because of two considerations: the cosmid contained an STS from the 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene (17-HSD), which was believed to be a neighbor of the breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA1; CpG islands are usually associated downstream and/or upstream of human genes. Computer-based exon trapping of the cosmid sequence revealed putative additional exons. With two of those exons used as a probe to screen human placental cDNA libraries, two cDNA isoforms for a novel gene, designated as ufHSD, were isolated. The amino acid sequence of the open reading frames of the cDNA showed no significant homology to any protein in the data base. However, it is possible that our cDNAs are from the gene for alpha-acetylglucosaminidase, which has recently been localized to the same region. Northern analyses show that the major isoform is expressed in all tissues tested, with the highest expression in blood leukocytes and lowest in brain. Finally, our study has shown that the 46.7-kb cosmid c140c10 encompasses loci for five genes and pseudo-genes: PsiPTP4A, ufHSD, 17-HSDI, 17-HSDII, and 22A1.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1996

Regional brain enlargement in autism: a magnetic resonance imaging study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether increased brain volume in autism, suggested in previous studies, is the result of general or regional brain size differences and to study the effect of gender on brain size and pattern of enlargement. METHOD: Total brain volume and cerebral cortical lobe volumes were examined in 35 autistic and 36 comparison subjects using magnetic resonance imaging and an automated method of brain volume measurement. RESULTS: After controlling for height and nonverbal IQ, the authors detected a significant diagnosis x gender effect (F = 7.4; p = .009) for total brain volume. A repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated that the pattern of enlargement (brain region x diagnosis) in autistic subjects differed from that in controls (F = 4.88; p = .0004). Subsequent sex-specific analysis revealed significantly increased total brain volume in autistic males but not females. Analysis of lobe sizes showed significant enlargement in autistic subjects in temporal, parietal, and occipital, but not frontal lobes. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that brain size is increased in autism and that differences are not generalized but appear to be the result of a pattern of enlargement with increases in the size of specific cortical lobes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The psychoeducational profile of boys with Klinefelter syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) affects about 1 in 900 males due to an extra X chromosome. Although there are no obvious physical features associated with childhood KS, many boys demonstrate a cognitive deficit in verbal processing. The first section of this article integrates the extant literature on intelligence and achievement outcomes in boys with KS. The second section presents our findings from a 20-year study involving one of the largest unselected cohorts of boys with KS. We followed 36 boys with KS and 33 sibling controls from 6 until 20 years of age. Boys with KS are shown to demonstrate a verbal cognitive deficit and significant underachievement in reading and spelling, as well as in arithmetic. These problems, which are evident from early school years, increase with age such that by late adolescence, boys with KS are four to five grade levels behind. In addition, we also found that they were most likely to have a generalized type of learning disability, with very few boys indicating a pure reading or pure arithmetic problem. They also showed deficits in written language skills and acquisition of knowledge-based subject material were also problematic. Despite significant underachievement and frequent grade failure, many boys with KS had completed high school, and a few were also pursuing postsecondary educations. The discussion section examines how their language-based disability affects comprehension and learning, leading to underachievement.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Intelligence and achievement in children with extra X aneuploidy: a longitudinal perspective.

Forty-seven children (35 male, 12 female) identified as having a supernumerary X chromosome by neonatal screening were studied psychologically from childhood to late adolescence. This paper compares their findings relative to sibling controls on tests of intelligence and achievement collected over a 14-year period. Children with a supernumerary X chromosome were found to score consistently below controls on Verbal IQ and subtests comprising the Verbal Comprehension factor but they did not differ on Performance IQ, which was in the normal range. At all ages, they showed poorer reading and arithmetic achievement; relative risk for reading and arithmetic impairment was 2.6 and 2.6 in males and 1.1 and 1.7 in females. Males with an extra X chromosome were more likely to receive special education than females, who more often failed a grade. Academic achievement was not affected in aneuploid children with higher levels of intelligence. Overall, these results suggest milder impairment than previously reported, particularly among trisomy X females.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Retinoic acid inhibition of ex vivo human immunodeficiency virus-associated apoptosis of peripheral blood cells.

T cells from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals undergo spontaneous and activation-induced ex vivo apoptosis. Here we report that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from six HIV-infected individuals exhibited reduced ex vivo DNA fragmentation and cell death after ingestion of all-trans-retinoic acid (tRA). These effects were attenuated with continued daily RA administration, which correlated with a > 5-fold decrease in serum peak RA concentrations. Incubation of PBMCs from HIV+ individuals with tRA in vitro resulted in decreased DNA fragmentation in a subset of patients, especially those having < 500 CD4+ T cells per mm3. tRA also inhibited apoptosis of preactivated normal PBMCs induced to die by restimulation, which raises the possibility of a common mechanism between activation-induced apoptosis of activated normal PBMCs and apoptosis associated with HIV infection. Whether HIV-associated apoptosis of PBMCs, and its prevention by RA, has an impact on T-cell survival or the course of disease in patients infected with HIV will require further evaluation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Time for change in traditional working practices?

Consultants in Britain are under pressure to change the way they organise their work. Many rely on formal, but unwritten, rules and a culture of "learning by doing." Unlike their counterparts in Sweden, they are often not well integrated into the management systems of their hospitals. The result is wide differences in the NHS workloads of individual consultants and, for a minority, conflicts of interest with their private work. The training received by junior doctors varies because it is largely left to individual consultants. Clinical directorates should provide a more effective mechanism for consultants to influence trust policies and for consultants to implement these policies. Consultants must not only recognise the need for change but also seize the initiative.

Conflict of Interest↗