The assessment of facial injury to fully restrained drivers through full-scale car crash testing.
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Accidents, Traffic↗
Biomedical subjects
J A Newman
Publications and source records attributed to J A Newman.
Blood and serum components and organ weights in steers, bulls and zeranol-implanted bulls.
To investigate certain physiological aspects of the mode of action of zeranol or Ralgro on growth, behavior and carcass quality of young bulls, concentrations of 19 blood components and weights of eight organs were determined. Experimental animals consisted of 36 untreated steers, 36 untreated bulls, 36 bulls implanted with zeranol at 3 mo of age and subsequently at 5, 8 and 10 mo and 36 bulls implanted with zeranol at 6 mo of age and subsequently at 9 and 11 mo. In addition, half of the animals in each group were subjected to moderate pre-slaughter stress (mixing and trucking 160 km); the other half was subjected to minimum pre-slaughter stress (no mixing and 4 km transport). Concentrations of cortisol, urea nitrogen and albumin in serum were higher (P less than .01) and those of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and creatinine were lower (P less than .05) in steers than in intact males. Concentrations of GOT, LDH, and creatinine were higher (P less than .05) in implanted than those in control males. Pre-slaughter stress had a significant effect on several traits measured in blood or serum. Thyroid glands were smaller (P less than .01) in steers than in control and implanted males. Testes were smaller (P less than .01) in the zeranol-implanted than in untreated males. Results indicate that zeranol had only a minor effect on the 19 blood components studied, but it did reduce testicle size. Castration had a major impact on several of the blood components. Pre-slaughter management had a significant effect on several blood components.
Animals↗
Antibodies to avian infectious bronchitis virus in Pakistani chickens.
Using the hemagglutination inhibition test, sera from 20 diseased and 3 apparently healthy chicken flocks in Pakistan were examined for antibodies to four types of avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV). These flocks were not vaccinated against AIBV. Of the 900 serum samples from diseased flocks, 78 (8.7%) had antibodies to the Massachusetts (M41) type, 23 (2.6%) to the Arkansas type and 20 (2.2%) to the Connecticut type of AIBV. None had antibodies to the JMK type. None of the sera (n = 100) from apparently healthy layers was positive to any of the four AIBV types tested. Some of the birds with antibody titers exhibited no signs of illness except that they laid pale colored eggs or had a history of poor hatchability. These results indicate that at least three AIBV types are circulating in chicken flocks in Pakistan.
Animals↗
The effects of two shipping treatments on the carcass characteristics of bulls implanted with zeranol and unimplanted steers.
A total of 144 male crossbred calves were allocated to four management treatments (bulls; steers; bulls implanted with zeranol at 100 d of age and re-implanted at 69, 93 and 56 d thereafter; bulls implanted with zeranol at 168 d of age and re-implanted at 93 and 56 d thereafter), and two pre-slaughter shipping treatments (minimum pre-slaughter stress with cattle shipped and slaughtered within 4 h of leaving the feedlot pen; moderate pre-slaughter stress with cattle mixed, trucked 160 km and slaughtered up to 24 h of leaving the feedlot pen) in a 4 X 2 factorial arrangement. Management treatment had no significant effect on carcass pH (45 min), carcass muscle temperature (45 min), or peak shear-force of cooked longissimus muscle. Steers had significantly lower dressing percentage, warm-carcass weight, hide weight and carcass-lean content, but higher marbling score, fat thickness and intramuscular-fat content than all treatments with bulls. Minimum pre-slaughter stress resulted in significantly lower dressing percentage, warm-carcass weight, and carcass pH (45 min), but generally had no effect on carcass tissue-yield measurements compared with the moderate stress treatment. Implanted bulls produced carcasses with significantly darker meat, higher 24-h pH and lower meat expressible juice than bulls and castrates for the moderate pre-slaughter stress treatment. These results provide evidence that zeranol implantation in bulls had a minor influence on carcass characteristics, and did not reduce the incidence of dark-cutting carcasses in young bulls subjected to moderate pre-slaughter shipping stress.
Animals↗
Standardization of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for avian influenza virus antibodies in turkeys.
The signal-to-noise ratio was useful in determining the optimal dilution of rabbit anti-turkey conjugate. Optimum dilution for rabbit anti-turkey conjugate to be used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was 1:1,000. The avian influenza virus antigen concentration was 128 hemagglutinating units (0.3 microgram of protein) per well, as determined by checkerboard titration. Bovine serum albumin fraction V increased nonspecific binding of conjugate and was not used to coat the plates in subsequent tests. Using ELISA, nonspecific binding to avian influenza virus-coated plates were not found with antibodies to Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli. Chromogens o-phenenediamine, and 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benz-thiazoline sulfonic acid) were almost equal in sensitivity for detecting released oxygen from the H2O2. The substrate plate was more sensitive than was the polystyrene plate. Dual wavelength was reliable in reading ELISA results.
Animals↗
Protective effect of thyroxine but not parathyroidectomy on gentamicin nephrotoxicity.
Gentamicin nephrotoxicity increases renal cortex calcium and sodium and decreases renal cortex Na-K-ATPase activity. Human acute renal failure is accompanied by an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH), a hormone that stimulates calcium uptake by tissues, and by a decrease in thyroid hormone, a hormone that increases renal cortex Na-K-ATPase activity. This study evaluated the role of extracellular calcium, PTH, and thyroxine in the pathogenesis of gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Chronically parathyroidectomized hypocalcemic rats (PTXG) given gentamicin (30 mg/kg s.c. twice daily for 8 days) were not protected from renal failure when compared with intact rats given gentamicin (NG), serum creatinine being 4.4 +/- 1.0 and 3.7 +/- 0.7 mg/dl, respectively, compared with normals (N), 1.2 +/- 0.1 mg/dl. Rats given thyroxine (10 micrograms/100 g body wt for 10 days) before and during gentamicin (PTXT4G) had a serum creatinine not significantly different from normals, 2.1 +/- 0.4 mg/dl. Plasma T4 was reduced in PTXG, NG, and PTXT4G compared with N, but the value for PTXT4G was significantly higher than for either PTXG or NG. Renal cortex Na-K-ATPase activity (mumol Pi X mg prot-1 X h-1) was lower in PTXG (2.3 +/- 0.2) and NG (2.4 +/- 0.5) compared with N (3.7 +/- 0.1), but activity was not reduced in PTXT4G (3.2 +/- 0.2) Thyroxine was protective also against gentamicin nephrotoxicity in intact rats. Clearance and excretion studies indicated that this protection did not result from an increase in glomerular filtration rate, filtered load of calcium, or urinary calcium excretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acute Kidney Injury↗
Immunosuppressive effects of virulent strain of hemorrhagic enteritis virus in turkeys vaccinated against Newcastle disease.
One week after infection with a virulent strain of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), turkeys were vaccinated for Newcastle disease. The effect of a virulent strain of HEV on turkeys' immune response to Newcastle disease vaccine and the mitogenic response of their whole blood peripheral lymphocytes were examined. The results revealed a statistically significant difference (P less than .01) in the Newcastle disease hemagglutination inhibition (NDHI) antibody titers from turkeys infected with virulent HEV. The NDHI antibody titers were lower in turkeys exposed to virulent HEV before vaccination. There was an initial depression in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response 1 week postinfection in turkeys infected with virulent HEV strain.
Animals↗
Redefinition of the feline urologic syndrome: feline lower urinary tract disease with heterogeneous causes.
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Animals↗
Effect of ammonia on the quantitative clearance of Escherichia coli from lungs, air sacs, and livers of turkeys aerosol vaccinated against Escherichia coli.
Turkeys were given an aerosol vaccine to determine their ability to clear a virulent inhaled pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli, while they were being maintained in the presence of atmospheric NH3. Turkeys were exposed to 2 concentrations of NH3 (10 and 40 microliters/L of air). More E coli was found in lungs, air sacs, and livers of turkeys exposed to NH3. Turkeys not exposed to NH3 had better clearance of E coli. Vaccination against E coli improved the rate of clearance of E coli in birds not exposed to NH3.
Air Sacs↗
Rapid purification of avian influenza virus for use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
A rapid and easy purification method was developed to obtain avian influenza antigen for use in immunochemical assays. This was achieved by rapid concentration of virus from infective allantoic fluid, using 8% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 8000, and later, by purification on gel-permeation chromatography through controlled-pore glass beads. Rabbit anti-turkey globulins were made specific for turkey globulins, using affinity chromatography, conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A significant increase in specificity and sensitivity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was observed when purified antigen was used in place of a crude antigen preparation. This purified antigen eliminated the false-positives obtained as a result of the turkeys being previously vaccinated with egg-grown virus vaccines (Newcastle disease virus). The details of the technique and the importance of antigen preparation are discussed.
Animals↗
Effects of fusarium cultures, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone on reproduction of turkey females.
Nicholas Large White turkey hens in egg production (10 per treatment) were individually fed cultures of Fusarium roseum 'Gibbosum' to provide 100 ppm zearalenone, Fusarium tricinctum at a level of .1% of the diet, Fusarium roseum Alaska at a level of 2% of the diet, 100 ppm purified zearalenone, and 5 ppm purified T-2 toxin for 8 weeks. The following 4 weeks the birds were fed a control diet. Hens were inseminated every 2 weeks with .05 ml of pooled semen from males fed a control diet. After 30 days of toxin feeding, hens were innoculated with a killed Newcastle disease virus preparation. Blood samples were obtained periodically. Egg fertility and titers to Newcastle disease virus were unaffected by treatment. Egg weight was reduced by F. roseum 'Gibbosum'. F. roseum 'Gibbosum' and F. tricinctum caused decreases in feed consumption, body weight, and egg production. Egg production was decreased by zearalenone and T-2 toxin. Hens fed F. roseum 'Gibbosum', F. tricinctum, and T-2 toxin exhibited mouth lesions that healed rapidly upon withdrawing toxic feed. Hatchability of fertile eggs was reduced by feeding F. roseum 'Gibbosum', F. tricinctum and F. roseum Alaska to 28, 78, and 49%, respectively, of control values by the end of the 8 week test period. Upon removal of toxic feed, hatchability rapidly returned to control levels. Embryo mortality occurred mainly in the first 10 days of incubation for F. roseum Alaska and the last 18 days for F. roseum 'Gibbosum' and F. tricinctum fed hens. It appears that mycotoxins other than zearalenone and T-2 toxin are responsible for reduced hatchability from feeding Fusarium cultures.
Animals↗
Identification and isolation of somatic pili from pathogenic Escherichia coli of turkeys.
Transmission electron microscopy was performed to identify the presence of somatic pili on Escherichia coli pathogenic to turkeys. Three common pathogenic serotypes of E coli (Ola, O2a, and O78) were used. They were cultured in tryptic soy, veal infusion, and Minca medium broth and were incubated at 37 C with and without CO2 (5%). The cultures were examined for the expression of pili after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation. Pili were on all strains of the 3 serotypes examined. These pili were also isolated and purified.
Animals↗
Scanning electron microscopic studies of adverse effects of ammonia on tracheal tissues of turkeys.
Effects of 10 and 40 microliter of NH3/L of air (10 and 40 ppm) on the tracheal tissues of turkeys were examined under the scanning electron microscope. Turkeys maintained in the presence of either level of NH3 had deterioration of their normal mucociliary apparatus after prolonged exposure. Excessive mucous production, matted cilia, and areas of deciliation in the tracheal tissues were detected in birds exposed to NH3 concentrations as low as 10 microliters/L. The tracheal tissues of birds not exposed to NH3 appeared normal. The implications of respiratory tract damage caused by NH3 are discussed.
Ammonia↗
Fusarium-induced osteochondrosis (tibial dyschondroplasia) in chickens.
Broiler chickens were started and maintained on rations containing 2%, 5%, and 10% grain contaminated with Fusarium roseum. There was mortality of 75% and 100%, respectively, in chicks fed 5% and 10% levels, and osteochondrosis was present in chicks which died at 12 to 17 days of age. Chicks on 2% or 3% F. roseum-contaminated grain survived the experimental period and osteochondrosis was well-developed in the proximal tibias of 85 or 99% of these chicks. The number of chondroclasts was reduced markedly in the affected bones. Defective chondroclasis may play a role in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis associated with F. roseum.
Animals↗
In vitro evaluation of B-lymphocyte function in turkeys infected with hemorrhagic enteritis virus.
Studies were conducted on B-lymphocyte function in turkeys infected with hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) virus. Hemolytic plaque-forming technique was used to detect antibody-forming cells in turkeys. The plaque-forming cell responses in HE virus-infected and noninfected controls were compared. Results of this study indicated a decreased capability of HE virus-infected turkeys to produce antibodies to sheep RBC. The greatest inhibition of antibody-forming cell production was seen in the turkeys 19 days after exposure to the virus. However, after this period, the turkeys gradually recovered their immunocompetence to sheep RBC.
Adenoviridae Infections↗
Leukocyte migration inhibition in chickens inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium.
Leukocyte migration-inhibition tests were conducted in chickens infected with Salmonella typhimurium. A relatively new and simple method that involves the migration of leukocytes under agarose gel was used. Migration distance was projected onto a white background at 40X magnification, using a microprojector. Quantitation of migration was done by measuring the linear distance the cells had moved from the margin of the agarose wells. The details of the technique and the importance of it in studies of cell-mediated immune response are discussed. Chickens inoculated with S typhimurium had a significant leukocyte migration inhibition.
Animals↗
In vitro depression of the mitogenic response of lymphocytes from turkeys infected with hemorrhagic enteritis virus.
A depression in the mitogenic response of lymphocytes was demonstrated in turkeys inoculated with hemorrhagic enteritis virus. Blood samples were collected (in heparin) once a week, beginning 1 week after the turkeys were inoculated. The whole blood assay was used to study lymphoblastogenesis. Concanavalin-A and phytohemagglutinin were the mitogens used: the radioisotope used was (125I)deoxyuridine (125IudR; 125I, sp act 5 Ci/mg). Suppression in the lymphocyte response in vitro was seen up to 5 weeks after the inoculations were done, after which there was a gradual recovery from suppression in the lymphocyte blastogenesis.
Animals↗
Histologic types of bronchogenic carcinoma among members of copper-mining and smelting communities.
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Adenocarcinoma↗