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Biomedical subjects

J A Dodge

Publications and source records attributed to J A Dodge.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Kinetics of viral replication in experimental rotavirus infection: effects of high dietary fat.

Epidemiological studies suggest that dietary fat can affect the frequency and severity of diarrhoeal illnesses in childhood. To study the effects of dietary fat on the kinetics of rotavirus antigen, 3-week-old mice of rotavirus-seronegative mothers were fed isocaloric diets with 40% of the total calories as fat [either butter (high saturated fat), olive oil (high monounsaturated fat), or corn oil (high polyunsaturated fat)] with one group on low fat (10% of calories) standard diet as controls. Seven-day-old mice from the first litter were killed and their stomach contents (milk) analyzed for total fatty acids. Seven-day-old mice from the second litter were inoculated with EDIM rotavirus, and some were killed at 48 h and others at 120 h postinoculation. The stool was removed from the distal colon of each mouse and examined for evidence of diarrhoea. The small intestine was removed, the contents washed, and the intestine divided into equal thirds. All stool and tissue samples were made to 10% (wt/vol), homogenised, and tested for rotavirus antigen by ELISA. We found that (a) dietary fat markedly altered the fatty acid profile of milk, (b) high saturated dietary fat (butter) delayed the onset of diarrhoea, reduced the excretion of rotavirus antigen in stool, and reduced mucosal antigen in the lower third of the small intestine at 120 h compared to 48 h postinoculation, (c) high polyunsaturated dietary fat initially increased the frequency of diarrhoea and viral antigen in the middle and lower segment at 120 h, followed by a reduction in rotavirus excretion in stool.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Nutrition and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Twenty two babies who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia were compared with 22 babies matched for gestational age who did not. Those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia weighed less at birth and had lower energy intakes from day 7 to day 56. Undernutrition before and after birth is a major problem in babies who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1990

Life events and family history in children with recurrent abdominal pain.

Children suffering from recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) were compared with matched controls on measures of illness behaviour, parents' illness behaviour, early parent-child relationships and stressful life events. Relatively, the RAP children stayed away from school more, needed more attention when ill, tended to show more anxiety in various ways, had parents who reported more symptoms, and had suffered a greater number of stressful experiences in the few months before pain onset.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1990

Paradoxical effects of essential fatty acid supplementation on lipid profiles and sweat electrolytes in cystic fibrosis.

Supplements of evening primrose oil (Oenothera biennis), which contains at least 72% linoleic (18:2n-6) and 7% gamma-linolenic (18:3 n-6) acids (expressed as % fatty acid methyl esters) were given to sixteen cystic fibrosis patients for a period of 12 months. Clinical observations showed no significant changes in patients' weights or respiratory function throughout. Linoleic acid levels in plasma and erythrocyte membranes increased significantly during the first 6 months but this increase was not sustained at its initial level. After supplementation was discontinued reversion to baseline (low) levels occurred within 4 months. Levels of plasma prostaglandins (PG) and urinary PG metabolites varied among individuals over a wide range, and urinary PGF2 alpha metabolites fell during the supplementation. There was a significant fall in sweat sodium concentrations after 6 weeks of supplementation, but sweat chloride was unchanged. It is not known whether the effect of essential fatty acids on sweat Na+ reflects changes in cell membrane conformation or if there is a direct effect on Na+ pump activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of three regimens in the management of acute gastroenteritis in infants.

Sixty infants were randomly assigned to one of three groups on admission to hospital with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis. After rehydration, Group A received a low-lactose, low-fat feed (HN25) in full strength; Group B were regarded on to a conventional formula (SMA); Group C received a hydrolysed soya and collagen feed (Prejomin) in full strength. All feeds were continued for 5 days. The median duration of loose stools from starting the feed was 24 hours in Group A, compared to 119 hours and 95 hours in Groups B and C, respectively. Group A showed a mean percentage increase in weight of 2.34%, Group B showed a mean loss of 1.45%, and Group C a mean increase of 0.15%. These differences were statistically significant. Recovery from gastroenteritis is hastened by the use of a low-lactose, low-fat feed in the initial post-rehydration phase of the disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Modulation of fluid absorption and the secretory response of rat jejunum to cholera toxin by dietary fat.

To study the effects of dietary fat on jejunal water and ion absorption and on cholera toxin-induced secretion, 3 week old Sprague Dawley rats were fed isocaloric diets. Forty per cent of the total calories were given as fat, as butter (high saturated fat), olive oil (high monounsaturated fat), or corn oil (high polyunsaturated fat), with one group on low fat (10% of calories) standard laboratory diet as controls. During in vivo jejunal perfusion studies we found that (i) a polyunsaturated fat (corn oil) supplemented diet improves jejunal absorption of water and electrolytes and these changes are independent of the observed concentrations of luminal prostaglandins; (ii) high dietary fat appreciably reduced the secretory response to cholera toxin, probably without fundamentally changing the mechanism by which cholera toxin induces secretion. We conclude that dietary fat composition altered the permeability and transport characteristics of the small intestine. This observation might have relevance to some human diarrhoeal disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Exudate variation in the rabbit gastrointestinal tract: a scanning electron microscope study.

The mucosal exudate from the gastrointestinal tract of six adult female New Zealand rabbits was studied using scanning electron microscopy and without any attempt being made to clean the luminal surface before screening. The exudate consisted of mucus, debris and bacteria. Qualitative assessment showed that the nature and distribution of exudate varied along the length of the gastrointestinal tract from the oesophagus to the anal canal, with little variation from animal to animal. Bacterial counts for rod-shaped bacteria were carried out on areas randomly selected from the upper, middle and lower oesophagus and the oesophageal-cardiac junction. The degree of bacterial colonisation was found to decrease along the length of the oesophagus from upper to lower parts, but it was increased at the oesophageal-cardiac junction. This assessment was not undertaken in the other regions of the gastrointestinal tract as the mucosal surface areas could not be easily measured owing to their undulating nature. The study indicates the variability of the mucosal exudate, which should be recognised as part of the true interface between ingested food and the cell surface along the gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Nutritional requirements in cystic fibrosis: a review.

Food intake is often low in cystic fibrosis (CF), although the patient usually needs more than the standard recommended daily allowance (RDA). Clinics giving food supplementation from an early age report improved survival and nutritional status. Nutritional improvement has been facilitated by improved forms of pancreatin. An additional calorie intake in CF is required to compensate for losses due to malabsorption and to allow for catch-up growth when necessary. With advanced pulmonary disease there are additional requirements for infection and increased work of breathing. There is also evidence for an increased basal metabolic activity in CF, perhaps related to the fundamental intracellular biochemical disorder. Together these factors add to a daily need for 120%-150% RDA for optimum growth and homeostasis.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed1988

Neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis in Wales and the West Midlands: 1. Evaluation of immunoreactive trypsin test.

A study programme was set up in Wales and the West Midlands to evaluate serum immunoreactive trypsin screening for cystic fibrosis in neonates using blood spots collected for metabolic screening. By screening half the blood spots from each area, it was hoped to generate two comparable groups of fibrocystic children; those detected by screening and those not screened who would be diagnosed clinically. Over almost three years, more than 120,000 specimens were screened and 37 infants detected with cystic fibrosis. Four additional fibrocystic patients were missed on screening: two had negative immunoreactive trypsin values, of which one had meconium ileus, and two, although giving initial positive tests, were negative on follow up. Excluding infants known to be at risk, comparison of the numbers of children detected in the screened and unscreened groups showed more than a two-fold difference in favour of the screened group. There may be a large number of undiagnosed fibrocystic patients in the general population.

Clinical Enzyme Tests↗