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Biomedical subjects

J A Carpenter

Publications and source records attributed to J A Carpenter.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Arylamidase activity of Salmonella species.

Arylamidase activity in cell extracts of sonically cell treated suspensions of 23 Salmonella strains, including 12 strains of S. typhimurium, was investigated. All cultures hydrolyzed five of nine different neutral and basic substrates. Activity against aspartyl-, cystyl- histidinyl-, and isoleucyl-beta-naphylamide was negligible. Alanyl-beta-naphthylamide was the preferred substrate for the Salmonella species; however, specific activities ranged widely. Of several gram-negative organisms surveyed, all except Proteus vulgaris hydrolyzed alanyl-beta-naphthylamide at the fastest rate. The most preferred substrate for the Proteus culture was glycyl-beta-naphthylamide. No relationship could be shown between virulence and arylamidase activity for the Salmonella strains.

Amides↗
PubMed1975

Drug interactions: the effects of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. I. Theoretical considerations and literature review.

The considerations necessary to describe the effects of combinations of drugs in a biological system are reviewed. The terms which express these effects-additive, potentiative, antagonistic, synergistic-have not had specific operations applied to them and mathematical models have been sought to define these operations. The models should (1) describe the nature of the action of single drugs, (2) classify the results of drug combinations, (3) provide a set of operations for deciding the outcome of combinations, and (4) predict all possible results of a combination from a knowledge of each drug acting alone. Research on the effects of alcohol and meprobamate and their interactions is reviewed, including behavioral and pharmacological studies and also some studies of the interaction of alcohol with other drugs. The task of characterizing the relation between the drug and response is formidable because complex physiological and biochemical processes determine the relationship between administered and effective dose and are further complicated by route of drug administration and various time relations. The descriptions of biochemical and physiological events seem well advanced; those of behavior are not. Much of the behavioral research assumes that a single dose is representative of all doses of the drug, and that combinations of the drugs and additivity of effects can be determined without a rigorous definition or means of application. [Bibliography of 249 items.]

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Drug interactions: the effect of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. V. Summary and conclusions.

The design, analysis and conclusions of the series of experiments by Carpenter et al., Ashford and Cobby, and Cobby and Ashford [J. Stud. Alc., Suppl. No. 7, pp. 54-176, 1975] are reviewed. Mathematical models of the joint action of drugs were developed and data obtained to test the models by studying the action of alcohol and meprobamate singly and in combination in human subjects. The data proved to be too limited in the range of drug concentrations in the blood necessary to identify the single most appropriate model. Carpenter et al. analyzed the data by analysis of variance, which involves assumptions about the structure of the observation and the form of the distribution of the error terms. The analyses of Ashford and Cobby and Cobby and Ashford used the mathematical models, which represented pharmacological and physiological actions of the drugs. The majority of the results of the two analyses agreed; however in Experiment V Carpenter et al. combined drugs, doses and blood samples in one analysis anf found a significant influence of meprobamate dose on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and homogeneous error terms. Cobby and Ashford analyzed absorption and elimination phases of each alcohol dose separately and found no influence of meprobamate on BAC and significant heterogeneity in the residual error terms. Both sets of analyses found a complex interaction between the pattern of abosorption and elimination of meprobamate and dose of alcohol. Carpenter et al. related the results of behavioral measures to drug doses, Ashford and Cobby to the concentrations of the drugs in the blood. Theoretically the models can analyze the pattern of behavioral results at each combination of doses but the data available were insufficient for the purpose. The modifications in experimental design and analytical techniques necessary to continue research in developing mathematical models are discussed.

Behavior↗
PubMed1975

Drug interactions: the effects of alcohol and meprobamate applied singly and jointly in human subjects. II. Five experiments.

Five experiments were conducted to study the effects of alcohol and meprobamate, administered singly and in combination, at doses up to 1.20 g of alcohol per kg of body weight and up to 30 mg of meprobamate per kg. Most of the 158 men were of college age (range, 21-49). In all experiments it appeared to the subjects that both drugs were administered, alcohol as a 25% solution in orange juice and meprobamate as 10 tablets. One hour after the men took the meprobamate they had 1 hr to drink the beverage. Before and at 1/2 hr intervals after administration of the drugs blood samples were taken and behavioral response measured by means of a visual-motor coordination tracking task (Stressalyzer). An experimental session lasted 6 hr. In Experiment I (E-I) each of 12 men was tested on 2 days, after 0, 1.00 or 1.20 g of alcohol per kg and 0 or 25 mg of meprobamate per kg. In Experiment II (E-II) 56 men were tested (8 per group) after 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 mg of meprobamate per kg and alcohol placebo. In Experiment III (E-III) 40 men were tested (8 per group) after 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, or 1.00 g of alcohol per kg and meprobamate placebo. In Experiment IV (E-IV) 25 men (5 per group) received meprobamate 3 times a day (total daily dosage, 0, 7, 14, 21 or 28 mg per kg) for 12 days. On days 8 to 12 all subjects drank alcohol, as in E-III. In Experiment V (E-V) 25 subjects (5 per group) were tested on 5 days, drinking each day the same doses of alcohol as in E-III and all received the same doses of meprobamate as in E-IV.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

Isolation of salmonellae from pork carcasses.

Four hundred and twenty pork carcasses from four abattoirs were examined for the presence of salmonellae by use of swabbing-enrichment techniques and contact plate methods. Carcasses from only one abattoir were found to be contaminated by swabbing-enrichment (23.3%) and contact plate (17.9%) methods. The area of the skin side of the ham, near the anal opening, was determined to be the area to examine for isolating salmonellae from pork carcasses with the greatest frequency. The most frequently isolated species of salmonellae in this study were Salmonella derby, S. anatum, S. typhimurium, and S. indiana.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1969

Incidence of salmonellae in meat and meat products.

Standard enrichment, plating, and biochemical techniques were used to assess the incidence of Salmonella species on beef and pork carcasses and processed meat products. The incidence of Salmonella in pork carcasses was 56% and in beef carcasses, 74%. These figures are about the same as previously reported for pork but much higher than previously reported for beef carcasses; however, they represent only three to five abattoirs in Georgia and do not necessarily represent contamination levels throughout the country. Examination of carcasses by area did not indicate greater incidence of Salmonella in any one area. Two areas suggested for representative sampling are the cervical and anal areas of the carcass. Of the sausage samples examined, 38% of the fresh pork sausage, 9% of the smoked pork sausage, and 1 sample (souse) of 16 samples of miscellaneous sausage products were contaminated. Examination of subsamples indicated that Salmonella, when present in sausage products, could be found in any section of the entire sample.

Abattoirs↗