The Jeremiah Metzger Lecture. The future of generalism.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J A Barondess.
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The American academic health center has emerged from a tradition that bound research, teaching, and patient care. In recent decades major changes in its faculty array and activities have been generated by extramural funding patterns that have emphasized the research functions of the faculty and, more recently, subspecialty care by faculty members, to the detriment of teaching functions and of immersion in major health care and health promotion issues. The latter are arising more prominently in the public agenda than in the academic agenda. The academic health centers should re-examine their activities with particular attention to the opportunities afforded by this emergent public agenda in biomedicine and health.
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Three patients with prolonged unexplained fevers were ultimately found to have deep-seated dental infection. After initial examination failed to elicit symptoms or signs of dental infection, and extensive in-hospital evaluation was nonproductive, dental consultation with roentgenograms provided the diagnosis. All three patients underwent dental extractions with periapical or peridontal debridement; following a brief postoperative febrile period, all three responded with defervescence, without subsequent recurrence of fever. These cases emphasize the importance of periapical and peridontal infection as causes of fever of obscure origin. The pathogenesis, characteristics and bacteriology of periapical abscess are discussed.
Efforts to provide an increased focus on the primary care activities of internists have been characterized by some as requiring a substantial increase in experience with ambulatory patients and significant training time invested in office gynecology, office orthopedics, otorhinolaryngology, and dermatology. These changes have been recommended as more reflective of the "real world" of the internist's practice than intensive experience with seriously ill inpatients. It is argued that such skills in training threaten to reduce clinical scope and deep competence and will thereby reduce rather than enhance effectiveness in the care of ambulatory patients. Deep clinical competence should be the hallmark of the internist, and training programs in internal medicine should be designed to produce this type of physician. In addition, consultant-level general internists should be trained for consultative, teaching, and investigative responsibilities and would be powerful role models for trainees.
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Defensive medicine--the use of diagnostic and end-treatment measures explicitly for the purposes of averting malpractice suits--is frequently cited as one of the least desirable effects of the current rise in medical litigation. Many physicians and policy-makers claim that defensive medicine is responsible not only for the increasing costs of health care but the exposing of patients to significant risks of harm from unnecessary procedures. Very little solid information is available about defensive medicine. The studies that have been conducted have been fraught with statistical difficulties and are by no means definitive. Even more important than the issue of defensive medicine is the more basic problem of our system of compensation for medical injuries.