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Biomedical subjects

J A Anderson

Publications and source records attributed to J A Anderson.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Allergic reactions to drugs and biologic agents.

In summary, the term adverse drug reaction is used to designate any type of undesirable and unintended response to a drug and can be broadly classified on the basis of either the presence or absence of an immune mechanism. Allergic reactions (immune) constitute only 5% to 10% of adverse drug reactions. Drug intolerance (nonimmune) constitutes the rest of these reactions. Many of these latter reactions are mild and self-limited, and many drug intolerances cannot be exactly characterized. Of those reactions in which an immune mechanism has been indicated or reactions that clinically appear to be "allergiclike," a limited number of in vivo (eg, skin tests) or in vitro (eg, RAST, IgE-ELISA, other antibody, or cell-mediated assays) tests have proved helpful in the diagnosis. Best studied are adverse reactions to aspirin, penicillin, insulin, and RCM. The principal treatment of all adverse drug reactions is to avoid the drug that has been specifically identified as being responsible for the previous reaction. In cases where avoidance is not possible, desensitization is an alternative (eg, penicillin and insulin). Prophylactic treatment of patients who had previously demonstrated a drug intolerance reaction (eg, systemic RCM reaction) with medication--particularly type I activation--may be helpful in some patients.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1987

Use of capnography and transcutaneous oxygen monitoring during outpatient general anesthesia for oral surgery.

The combination of the capnograph (respired CO2 monitor) and the transcutaneous oxygen monitor was evaluated as a non-invasive system for monitoring of respiratory function in 10 ASA class I patients undergoing ultralight general anesthesia for removal of third molars. Capnography proved to be a sensitive and accurate method for detecting apnea and airway obstruction using the continuous display of the CO2 waveform. All episodes of apnea or obstruction were immediately detected as the respired CO2 level fell to zero baseline. The end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2) obtained via nasal prong sampling was not significantly different from the PaCO2. PetCO2 values served as useful indicators of hypoventilation. During steady-state conditions of respiration, transcutaneous oxygen tensions (PtcO2) correlated well with simultaneously measured PaO2 (r = 0.93). However, during any period when oxygenation was rapidly changing (step increase in FIO2, step decrease in FIO2, or apnea) the PtcO2 lagged behind changes in PaO2 even after a five-minute equilibration period, thereby not accurately reflecting the true state of oxygenation. Consequently, the transcutaneous oxygen monitor does not appear to be optimal as a respiratory monitor in the setting of ultralight general anesthesia where rapid, critical changes in oxygenation must be detected without delay.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Dorsopathies.

This chapter has sought to address three aspects of back pain: the size of the problem, risk factors and preventive measures. In relation to each aspect the epidemiological approach, with particular reference to sociological and environmental factors, has been shown to have a useful role in clarifying what is on the whole a woolly clinical field. Furthermore, the problems of back pain present a challenge to clinicians from the many different specialties, including rheumatologists, orthopaedic surgeons, gynaecologists and psychiatrists, as well as those practising in more general fields as physicians and surgeons. In the face of such diversity of skills it is unlikely that a consensus will be reached without resorting to basic epidemiological principles. Back pain is among the most important cause of absence from work and long-term disability in Britain. Not only is there a formidable cost in terms of lost earnings, but those affected make heavy demands on the medical services and social security. The extent to which occupational hazards contribute to the aetiology by accelerating the onset of degenerative changes in the musculoskeletal system is difficult to assess. More studies need to be made, particularly among those who retire prematurely, change their jobs or stay off work for long periods. Cohort studies carried out prospectively are costly in manpower and time but it is only by such measures that light may be shed on factors about the workers, their low back pain and the tasks required by particular jobs which could affect prognosis. Primary prevention by controlling the weight and bulk of material being handled and also the posture adopted at work could be a possible starting point in preventing low back pain. Here again, more work needs to be done to establish which tasks and methods of performance are particularly hazardous. As far as secondary prevention or the early identification of those at risk is concerned, the low specificity and sensitivity of screening tests cast doubt over their effectiveness at the present time. There remain, therefore, many patients requiring rehabilitation, and this problem seems unlikely to decrease. Closer liaison needs to be established between health authorities and industry--possibly by such methods as attaching Disablement Resettlement Officers to hospital and appointing specialists in rehabilitation whose responsibility is not restricted to hospital-based patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Back Pain↗
PubMed1987

Emotional responding following experimental manipulation of facial electromyographic activity.

Increases in zygomatic electromyographic (EMG) responding have been reported during the imagination of positive affective scenes, and increases in corrugator EMG have been reported during negative affective scenes. Thirty female subjects were instructed to imagine three positive affective scenes and three negative affective scenes. During the initial imagination of each scene, the subject was told simply to imagine the situation. The subject then imagined the situation again and was instructed to enhance the muscle tension in one of two muscle groups (the zygomatic muscles for positive scenes and the corrugator muscle for negative scenes). The subject then imagined the scence a third time and was instructed to suppress the muscle tension in the same muscle group. The order of administration of enhancement and suppression trials was randomized for each scene. Subjects were given several trials to practice controlling both zygomatic and corrugator EMG. Feedback was available during the practice trials and during the enhancement and suppression trials of the experiment. Continuous monitoring of both zygomatic and corrugator EMG during the study indicated that subjects were successful in altering muscle tension in accord with the experimental instructions, and videotapes of subjects' faces indicated no overt changes in facial responding during imagination of the scenes. Subjects' ratings of emotional responding during each scene indicated that subjects experienced less enjoyment and more distress during positive affective trials in which they suppressed zygomatic EMG activity. The results are discussed in terms of the facial feedback hypothesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Combining community health and psychosocial nursing: a clinical experience with the homeless for generic baccalaureate students.

A report is made of a teaching approach which combined community health and psychosocial nursing clinical experiences for senior level, generic, baccalaureate nursing students over a period of two academic quarters. An urban community center and shelter for the homeless was the setting for this unique clinical approach. Areas on which the evaluation of the clinical experience focused included the clinical design, student activities, types of clients seen, and student and faculty views. Strengths and limitations of the experience were identified. The progression of the student group in adapting to the homeless population was described in detail. Faculty concluded that by sharing their clinical expertise in this combination clinical setting with the homeless, generic students were able to maximize and coordinate their academic and clinical activities. The homeless setting is demonstrated to be an excellent arena for student learning when faculty provide structure, support, and guidance.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Fund-raising strategies for the allied health professions.

Academic units of allied health (eg, schools and colleges of allied health) are relatively new to institutions of higher education. As a result, the academic units lack prestige with private funding sources. This article describes a development model for raising private contributions emphasizing allied health academic units. The roles of the academic department, development advisory committee, and faculty in developing the mission statement, needs, objectives, and case statement for the department are described. How the department chairperson, faculty, dean, and advisory committee members interact with the staff from a development office in identifying, cultivating, and soliciting private support are explained.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1986

The binding of the chromosomal protein HMG-2a to DNA regions of reduced stabilities.

The interaction of immunopurified high mobility group 2a protein (HMG-2a) with DNA was examined by the nitrocellulose filter binding assay. The relative binding activity of HMG-2a for synthetic polynucleotides was: (dI).(dC) greater than (dA-dT).(dA-dT) greater than (dA).(dT) much greater than (dG).(dC) greater than (dG-dC).(dG-dC). The protein also exhibited a marked preference for (A + T)-rich restriction fragments derived from rat and Drosophila satellites, yeast centromeres, phage lambda, and the ovalbumin gene and its 5' flanking sequences. These preferential DNA interactions occurred at ionic strengths and temperatures within the physiological range which argue for an in vivo role of DNA stability in dictating the genomic distribution of the large Mr HMG proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Preclinical toxicity of the new antineoplastic agent, ametantrone acetate, in mice and dogs.

Ametantrone acetate (anthracenedione diacetate, NSC 287513) is an experimental antineoplastic agent with activity against a comprehensive panel of solid transplantable tumors in mice and dogs were carried out to establish tolerable levels. In mice, LD10, LD50 and LD90 values were respectively, 26, 35 and 47 mg kg-1 28 days following single intravenous injection and 22, 67 and 206 mg kg-1 14 days after single intraperitoneal injection. Hemorrhage and necrosis of the small intestine occurred in intercurrent deaths. A 5-day, consecutive intraperitoneal dosing study yielded 28 day, LD10, LD50 and LD90 values of 18, 21 and 26 mg kg-1, respectively, in mice. Bone marrow hypoplasia, lymphoid depletion and focal cardiac changes were observed in animals which died during the 28-day postdose observation period. In dogs, single intravenous injections repeated twice at intervals of 3-8 weeks resulted in leukopenia and thrombocytopenia at a dose of 2.71 mg kg-1 and decreased myeloid: erythroid ratios at a dose of 0.68 mg kg-1. Five consecutive daily intravenous injections in dogs of 0.7 mg kg-1 induced significant clinical and laboratory signs of toxicity but 0.35 mg kg-1 day-1 was tolerated. In dogs, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue and gastro-intestinal tract in both sexes and gonads in the males were target organs for toxicity. Clinical signs and clinical laboratory abnormalities abated in surviving mice and dogs. The spectrum of tissue changes induced by ametantrone was qualitatively similar to that elicited with other intercalating agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Teratogenesis of calcium valproate in rabbits.

The calcium salt of valproic acid (Valontin) has been proposed for use in the treatment of absence, myoclonic, and tonic clonic seizures of the primarily generalized type. The present study was conducted to determine the teratogenic potential of calcium valproate in rabbits. Groups of 20 Dutch-belted rabbits were given oral doses of 50, 150, or 350 mg/kg on days 6-18 of gestation. A reference group was given 350 mg/kg sodium valproate and control groups were untreated or given vehicle alone. Animals were observed daily and body weights were recorded on gestation days 0, 6, 13, 18, and 30. Litter and fetal parameters were evaluated following uterotomies on day 30. No drug-related clinical signs or deaths occurred. Postimplantation loss and the incidence of malformed vertebrae and ribs, rudimentary or absent pollices, and extra vertebrae and ribs were increased at 350 mg/kg with both calcium and sodium salts of valproic acid. At the 150-mg/kg dose level, calcium valproate markedly increased the incidence of supernumerary ribs. No teratogenic or embryotoxic effects were seen with calcium valproate at 50 mg/kg. These data indicate that the sodium and calcium salts of valproic acid exhibit teratogenic potential in rabbits.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1986

Teratology studies of ametantrone acetate in rats and rabbits.

Ametantrone acetate is an antineoplastic drug chemically described as 1,4-bis [[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino] ethyl]amino] -9,10-anthracenedione diacetate salt. The drug has activity against leukemia and solid tumors in animal models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the teratogenic potential in pregnant rats and rabbits when administered during the critical period of organogenesis. Daily doses of 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 mk/kg were administered IP to pregnant rats on days 6 through 15 of gestation, and 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg to rabbits on days 6 through 18. Dose-related weight loss occurred in both species during treatment as well as in the entire gestation period. Maternal and fetal parameters were evaluated upon uterotomies in rats on gestation day 20 and rabbits on day 28. In both species, there was dose-related blue discoloration of abdominal viscerae and of skin at injection sites. In rats, fetal malformations and developmental variations were comparable between treated and control fetuses. However, the incidence of fetal malformations was increased in rabbits given 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg but not at 0.2 mg/kg. Based on these data, ametantrone was considered teratogenic at dose levels of 0.4 mg/kg and above in rabbits.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1986

Modified clinical procedure for nasal moulage.

A modified procedure for using breathing tubes during nasal moulage has been described. This method offers several advantages over traditional techniques, namely, reduction of alar distortion, greater detail of the internal nares and columella, and increased support to the nares while under the weight of the moulage.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1986

Teratology study in rats with amsacrine, an antineoplastic agent.

Amsacrine, an acridinylamino derivative used in the treatment of refractory leukemias, was evaluated for its teratogenic potential in pregnant rats. The compound was given by intraperitoneal (ip) administration on Days 6 to 9 of gestation to groups of 20 female CD rats at levels of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg. Appropriate vehicle and untreated controls were included. Dams given 2.0 mg/kg lost weight during and after the treatment period. Food consumption was comparable to controls at all dose levels except for the high dose group in the post-treatment period. Decreased litter size, increased postimplantation loss, and reduced fetal weights occurred with doses of 2.0 mg/kg. Significantly reduced fetal body weight and increased incidence of stunting were the only adverse findings at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, respectively. Two fetuses at 2.0 mg/kg, one at 1.0 mg/kg, one at 0.5 mg/kg, and two vehicle control fetuses had gross abnormalities. Fetotoxicity, manifested by inhibition of osteogenesis and minor skeletal abnormalities, occurred with doses of 0.5 mg/kg or more. The results indicate that amsacrine was embryolethal to rats at doses of 2.0 mg/kg and embryotoxic at lower dose levels. Teratogenicity was not evident at doses which did not affect fetal survival.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1986

Studies on reproduction in rats with pirmenol, an antiarrhythmic agent.

Fertility and perinatal-postnatal studies were performed in CD rats given pirmenol, an antiarrhythmic agent, at dosages of 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. The drug was administered orally as diet admixtures in all studies. In the male fertility study, mature male rats were treated for 61 days prior to mating with virgin, untreated female rats. In the female fertility study, mature virgin female rats were treated for 15 days prior to mating with untreated partners with treatment continuing throughout mating, pregnancy, parturition, and weaning of the litters. In both studies, one-half of the dams in each group were killed on Day 21 of pregnancy and the remaining dams were allowed to deliver and wean their offspring and postnatal development was monitored. At weaning, two males and two females were arbitrarily selected from each litter, allowed to mature on unmedicated diet, and then mated within treatment groups to produce the F2 generation. In the perinatal-postnatal study, pregnant females were treated continuously from Day 15 of pregnancy until weaning of the litters on Day 21 postbirth. No adverse effects on fertility, general reproductive parameters, or offspring survival and development were evident at doses employed in these studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of ocular inflammation on tear proteins. I. Thiol protease inhibitors.

Concentrations of protease inhibitors found in tears have been observed to vary during ocular inflammation. Possible stimuli for these variations were tested for by studying thiol protease inhibitor concentrations in models of ocular inflammation. Inflammatory responses were elicited either by topical application of arachidonic acid (AA), or compound 48/80. For each model, four rabbits were treated in one eye with the inflammatory stimulant and tear samples were collected before and up to five hours following treatment. Control animals were treated with buffer. When compared to pretreatment values, tears from AA-treated eyes showed decreased inhibitor at one and two hours and an increased inhibitor concentration at three hours. In the 48/80 model, inhibitory activity and protein levels were elevated when compared over time to the control group (p greater than or equal to 0.02, p greater than or equal to 0.0001 respectively). When compared to pretreatment values, inhibitor values were elevated at all times after treatment and protein values were elevated at one and three hours in this model. Serum proteins were also increased in the tears of rabbits treated with 48/80. The results suggest that one or more of the mediators released by basophil or mast cell degranulation stimulate increased tear protease inhibitory activity and tear serum proteins.

Animals↗