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Biomedical subjects

Iqbal S Shergill

Publications and source records attributed to Iqbal S Shergill.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

The metastatic cascade in prostate cancer.

Morbidity and mortality due to prostate cancer are mainly a result of prostate cancer metastases. After the initial neoplastic transformation of cells, the process of metastasis involves a series of sequential steps, which involve neoangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, loss of adhesion with migration away from the primary tumour and entry into the systemic vasculature or lymphatics. Metastatic growth in sites such as lymph nodes and bone marrow then involves the specific non-random homing of prostate cancer cells. An appreciation and understanding of this metastatic cascade in relation to prostate cancer is clinically important in order to stratify men with prostate cancer into prognostic groups. Moreover, it is crucial in the future development of therapies that can prevent metastases.

Cadherins↗
PubMed2006

Management of simple intratesticular cysts: a single-institution 11-year experience.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinicoradiologic findings and outcomes of management of simple intratesticular cysts, by review of an 11-year experience. METHODS: From March 1994 to September 2005, 24 men underwent scrotal ultrasound scan and follow-up for simple intratesticular cysts. The median follow-up was 32 months (range, 6 to 124 months). The records were analyzed retrospectively for presentation, radiologic findings, and outcomes of management. RESULTS: All 24 patients with simple intratesticular cysts were managed successfully with radiologic surveillance. No patient underwent orchidectomy or required enucleation of the cyst. CONCLUSIONS: Simple intratesticular cysts can be managed conservatively with regular ultrasound surveillance by an experienced uroradiologist, without the need for surgical intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Tissue microarrays and their relevance to the urologist.

PURPOSE: We review important aspects of TMA methodology and discuss its wide range of clinical applications with particular emphasis on key clinical studies. We also provide an update on recent and projected uses of this technology to help the urologist improve care in oncology patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A directed MEDLINE literature review of TMAs was performed. Important publications that have shaped our understanding of TMAs were selected for review. They were augmented by manual searches and our personal bibliographic collections. RESULTS: The TMA is a high throughput molecular biology technique that can significantly accelerate the processing of a large number of tissue specimens with excellent quality, good reliability and the preservation of original tissue. TMA studies demonstrate their accuracy and reliability compared to those of standard histological techniques and correlate with clinicopathological information to determine disease progression and prediction of the clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: This review represents an overview and update for the urologist on TMAs and their clinical applications in urological oncology. In the future it is anticipated that the outcomes of this method will be used to assist in the diagnosis, prognosis and development of novel therapies in individual patients.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2006

Management of detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia.

Detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) is a debilitating problem in patients with spinal cord injury. DSD carries a high risk of complications, and even life expectancy can be affected. The mainstay of treatment is the use of antimuscarinic medication and catheterization, but in those for whom this is not possible external sphincterotomy has been the traditional management route. External sphincterotomy, however, is associated with significant risks, including hemorrhage, erectile dysfunction and the need for repeat procedures, and over the last decade alternatives have been investigated, such as urethral stents and botulinum toxin injection. We present a review of DSD, including the current management strategies and prospects for future treatment.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed2006

Diagnosis and management of renal (ureteric) colic.

Renal (ureteric) colic is a common surgical emergency. It is usually caused by calculi obstructing the ureter, but about 15% of patients have other causes, e.g. extrinsic compression, intramural neoplasia or an anatomical abnormality. This review will focus on calculus-related renal or ureteric colic, its assessment and subsequent management.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2005

Urological emergency: diagnosis and management of renal trauma.

Renal trauma can be a life-threatening emergency and, because of its rarity, knowledge of its recognition and management is limited. This review discusses the clinical diagnosis, classification of injury, management and complications of this emergency condition.

Emergency Treatment↗
PubMed2005

Autonomic dysreflexia: the forgotten medical emergency.

Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a potentially dangerous complication of spinal cord injury (SCI). In AD, an individual's blood pressure may rise to dangerous levels and, if not treated, can lead to stroke and possibly death. All medical personnel, especially those interacting with SCI patients, must have a good understanding of its aetiology, complications and emergency management.

Autonomic Dysreflexia↗
PubMed2005

Basic principles of real-time quantitative PCR.

Real-time quantitative PCR allows the sensitive, specific and reproducible quantitation of nucleic acids. Since its introduction, real-time quantitative PCR has revolutionized the field of molecular diagnostics and the technique is being used in a rapidly expanding number of applications. This exciting technology has enabled the shift of molecular diagnostics toward a high-throughput, automated technology with lower turnaround times. This article reviews the basic principles of real-time PCR and describes the various chemistries available: the double-stranded DNA-intercalating agent SYBR Green 1, hydrolysis probes, dual hybridization probes, molecular beacons and scorpion probes. Quantitation methods are discussed in addition to the competing instruments available on the market. Examples of applications of this important and versatile technique are provided throughout the review.

Benzothiazoles↗
PubMed2004

Tissue microarrays: a current medical research tool.

Recent research in molecular biology has identified a significant number of novel markers, which may have diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic significance. This is particularly pertinent in the field of cancer. Validation of these markers in multiple clinical specimens is currently performed by traditional histopathological techniques, which are disappointingly time consuming, labour intensive and, therefore, economically costly. These limitations have hampered the introduction of many novel markers into everyday clinical practice. The tissue microarray (TMA) is a high throughput technique, which allows the rapid and cost effective validation of novel markers in multiple pathological tissue specimens. Tissue from up to a 1000 histology blocks can be arrayed accurately onto a newly created paraffin block, at designated locations. Subsequently, morphological and molecular investigations can be performed to determine the clinical significance of the novel markers tested. It is now firmly established that the TMA can significantly accelerate the processing of a very large number of tissue specimens with excellent quality, good reliability and preservation of original tissue, with ultimate clinical benefit.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗