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Biomedical subjects

Ian Cameron

Publications and source records attributed to Ian Cameron.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Antibiotic prophylaxis in hip fracture surgery: a metaanalysis.

A metaanalysis was done to identify the most effective prophylactic antibiotic regimen in hip fracture surgery. Specific comparisons addressed were antibiotics at any dose versus placebo, multiple doses (>24 hours coverage) versus one dose of antibiotics, and multiple doses versus 24 hours antibiotic coverage. Outcomes measured included overall wound infections, deep wound infection, superficial wound infection, urinary tract infection, and mortality. A computer search of the Medline and EMBASE databases (English language literature from 1966 to 2000 and 1988 to 2000, respectively) retrieved 15 randomized controlled trials which addressed the specific aims. Most studies evaluated antibiotics from the cephalosporin group. Antibiotic prophylaxis significantly reduced overall wound infections when compared with placebo and was equally effective for deep and superficial infections. One dose of intravenous antibiotics seemed no different than multiple doses. Antibiotic use also was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of urinary tract infection but had no significant effect on mortality.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

A UK survey of psychiatric services for older people in general hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric illness is common in older people in general hospitals, but little is known of the service models operating in the UK, or of the views of old age psychiatrists regarding service provision in this area. We set out to determine the range of UK old age psychiatry service models for older people in general hospital wards, and the opinions of clinicians on future service priorities and development. METHOD: A postal questionnaire survey of old age psychiatrists providing psychiatric services to older people in general hospital wards. RESULTS: 73% of services were provided through a generic, sector-based, consultation psychiatry model. The remaining 27% employed a range of general hospital-based liaison psychiatry services for older people, involved in proactively seeking referrals and educating general hospital staff. Those providing a generic sector-based model were significantly slower at responding to referrals. 89% of respondents were unhappy with their service to older people in general hospital wards, with only 11% preferring the generic sector-based model. Organisational barriers to change identified included the management of mental health care and physical care by different organisations. Training, both of psychiatric staff in this specialist area, and of general hospital staff in the detection and basic management of common psychiatric conditions in the general hospital setting, was felt to be necessary. CONCLUSIONS: The management of co-morbid psychiatric and physical illness in older people is an important issue for health services. Old age psychiatrists are unhappy with the prevalent, reactive, consultation-based model, preferring a range of liaison psychiatry models based in the general hospital. The most important barriers to service development in this area were the separate managerial arrangements for psychiatric and physical care services, and a lack of evidence for effective old age psychiatry services in this setting.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of prenatal marijuana on response inhibition: an fMRI study of young adults.

The neurophysiological effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on response inhibition were assessed in 18- to 22-year-olds. Thirty-one participants from the Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study (OPPS) performed a blocked design Go/No-Go task while neural activity was imaged with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The OPPS is a longitudinal study that provides a unique body of information collected from each participant over 20 years, including prenatal drug history, detailed cognitive/behavioral performance from infancy to young adulthood, and current and past drug usage. The fMRI results showed that with increased prenatal marijuana exposure, there was a significant increase in neural activity in bilateral prefrontal cortex and right premotor cortex during response inhibition. There was also an attenuation of activity in left cerebellum with increased prenatal exposure to marijuana when challenging the response inhibition neural circuitry. Prenatally exposed offspring had significantly more commission errors than nonexposed participants, but all participants were able to perform the task with more than 85% accuracy. These findings were observed when controlling for present marijuana use and prenatal exposure to nicotine, alcohol and caffeine, and suggest that prenatal marijuana exposure is related to changes in neural activity during response inhibition that last into young adulthood.

Adolescent↗