[Statistical analysis of pharmacological preclinical tests].
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
I Yoshimura
Publications and source records attributed to I Yoshimura.
Effects of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the transcription of nm23 and c-myc genes in human prostatic LNCaP cells.
Proliferation of the androgen-dependent human prostate LNCaP cells was increased by the androgen DHT. Changes in the steady state level of the nm23 and c-myc mRNA in LNCaP cells, with or without 10 nM DHT, showed the nm23 mRNA to change rapidly, beginning to rise after 2 h and reaching its peak by 4 h of DHT treatment. In contrast, increases in the c-myc gene only became apparent after 4 h of treatment. Maximal increase of nm23 mRNA was observed at 10(-9) M DHT. The basal expression of c-myc and nm23 mRNAs was between 30-70% lower in the LNCaP cells, as compared with the androgen-independent PC-3 and JCA-1 human prostatic human carcinoma cells. Thus nm23 may be classified as a member of the early androgen-responsive genes.
Cell Division↗
[Influence of aging on electrogustometric threshold].
Electrogustometric testing was carried out, with one researcher examining the electrogustometric threshold at three sites, in 461 normal cases, by TR-06 (Rion Co.), over a wide range. A multiple comparison procedure (Tukey-Kramer) was applied to age groups, revealing a significant increase in the threshold with advancing age; high threshold values were observed in the "60s and older" group for the chorda tympani nerve area (tongue tip) and the glossopharyngeal nerve area (tongue base), and in the "70s and older" group for the superficial greater petrosal nerve area (soft palate). As to the gender difference in women, a significant drop was observed in the late teens whereas a low tendency in all sites tested was not statistically, significant in other age groups. Differences between the right and the left sides were seen in most cases but were within 6dB. As to site differences, the soft palate threshold was higher than those of the tongue tip and the tongue base in all age groups. A significant decrease in the threshold of the tongue tip, as compared to the tongue base, was observed for those in their late teens, whereas minimal differences were noted in the other age groups and at other sites. The soft palate threshold was significantly reduced in smokers in their 30s and 40s as compared with non-smokers.
Adolescent↗
[Whole mouth gustatory test (Part 2)--Effect of aging, gender and smoking on the taste threshold].
The whole mouth test method was employed for examining changes in gustatory senses due to aging. Participants were 314 male and 356 female healthy volunteers not complaining of taste disorders. Simultaneously, the effects of smoking were examined, comparing 71 male smokers to 142 male non-smokers, ranging from 20 to more than 60 years of age. A multiple comparison procedure (Tukey-Kramer) was applied to age groups, revealing a significant increase in the threshold with age; high threshold values were observed in the "70s and older" group in comparison to the younger group for all tastes other than the sweet taste. Concerning the differences between males and females, the gustatory thresholds of males were found to be higher than those of females for some in the "20s and older" group and for all tastes other than the sweet taste, whereas the thresholds of males were lower than those of females for all taste qualities in the late teen group. As to male subjects in whom the effects of smoking could be studied, smokers in their 20s demonstrated a slight rise in the threshold only for the bitter taste.
Adolescent↗
p53 gene mutation in recurrent superficial bladder cancer.
Surgical specimens from 30 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were examined for the presence of mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis. All of the specimens were superficial, low grade cancer, and 10 patients had recurrences during an observation period of 24 months following the initial surgical treatment. Among the 30 patients with superficial bladder cancer, 4 were found to have the mutated p53 gene and 3 of them had recurrences, which involved either invasive or high grade tumors. Two of these recurrent tumors with the p53 gene mutation showed identical mutations with those primary tumors, whereas the other one did not have the same mutation. The data suggest that bladder cancers with a mutation of the p53 gene have a greater probability of poor prognosis than those which do not, even if the primary lesion was a superficial, low grade tumor. Therefore, the presence of the p53 gene mutation may provide important clues to the factors involved in bladder cancer.
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
[Whole mouth gustatory test (Part 1)--basic considerations and principal component analysis].
The whole mouth method gustatory test is a simple gustatory test. It can be applied easily, and can be used to assess overall taste which a subject is supposed to be feeling. In the present study, a new series of taste solutions for the use in the whole mouth gustatory test was prepared. In order to determine the normal range of gustation and relationships between each taste solution, gustatory threshold tests were conducted on 123 healthy volunteers (17-22 years old). The series of taste solutions represented 4 tastes, i.e., sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, and was prepared using sucrose, salt, tartaric acid and quinine, respectively. Recognition thresholds measured for each taste solution yielded normal ranges i.e., 0.0165 mol/l for the sweet solution, 0.0316 mol/l for the salty solution, 0.000734 mol/l for the sour solution, and 0.0000203 mol/l for the bitter solution which were almost the same as those published. The average thresholds obtained for all solutions were at almost always at the middle concentration level, i.e., level 6. Thus, this method can serve as a standard method of performing the whole mouth taste test. Principal component analysis of the thresholds obtained revealed that the primary component mainly demonstrated taste detection function, and that it could more or less be represented by the simple sum of each detection threshold. The analysis also showed that approximately 90% of taste threshold variation is explained by the 4 principal components. These findings provide further evidence that these four tastes comprise the basic elements of taste.
Adolescent↗
An amino acid from Solorina crocea.
A new amino acid, named solorinine, isolated from the lichen, Solorina crocea was determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. NMR data are also reported.
Amino Acids↗
Notes on the use of historical controls.
The principles and methods of incorporating historical controls in four cases (C1, stable control; C2, rare occurrence of responses; C3, small group size; C4, historical control as a reference) are discussed. Two points are emphasized: one is that the historical control should be regarded as a given condition and the other is that the historical control should be used conservatively. Incorporating historical controls is recommended only when it is advantageous under the conditional evaluation of the performance and even in the conservative use of controls. For case C1, adjusting the critical value for the Cochran-Armitage trend test is proposed. For case C2, a modified conditional trend test proposed by Yanagawa et al. is appreciated as a proper procedure. For case C3, a conservative use of interblock information is discussed. The incorporation of the historical control is not recommended for case C4.
Animals↗
Statistical analysis of data in mutagenicity assays: rodent micronucleus assay.
To evaluate chemical safety, many kinds of short-term mutagenicity assays are performed together with long-term assays in animals. Rationales and methodology for these assays have been well discussed and documented. No statistical method, however, has been singled out as the method of choice for the evaluation of mutagenicity assay data, although a number of reports on statistical methods to evaluate such data have been published. Among the mutagenicity assays, the micronucleus assay using mouse bone marrow erythropoietic cells have been widely used to assess cytogenetic activities of test chemicals. A statistical evaluation procedure for this assay is proposed herein, combining the use of historical control data and dose-response relationships. The probability of type I errors and the power of this method are compared with those of some other conventional methods by Monte Carlo simulation.
Animals↗
[An autopsy case of neuronal type Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (HMSN type II) with nerve deafness and psychiatric symptoms].
The clinical and pathological findings of a 41-year-old male patient with atypical Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease were reported. There were 3 cases of subarachnoid haemorrhage, 2 nerve deafness and 2 hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) in his family. He had suffered from progressive nerve deafness since 5 years old and gait disturbance since 37 years old. He had been admitted to the psychiatric hospital 3 times because of hallucinatory-delusional state and behavior abnormalities. Neurological examinations at 39 years old revealed that he had mental deterioration (IQ 66), nerve deafness, diffuse muscle atrophy, most marked distally, sensory disturbance, areflexia, positive Romberg's sign, orthostatic hypotension, dysphagia and slurred speech. MCV of median nerve was 27.8 m/sec, and SCV was not evoked. EEG revealed nonspecific dysfunction of the brain. He died of ileus-like condition at 41 years old. General autopsy showed haemorrhagic infarction of the jejunum and ileum due to compression of the superior mesenteric artery and vein by an adhesion band of connective tissue formed after previous appendectomy. Neuropathological examinations revealed axonal degeneration and loss of myelinated fibers with schwannosis of anterior and posterior spinal nerve roots as well as peripheral nerves. The posterior roots were more severely affected than the anterior ones. Ganglion cells of the posterior root ganglia showed remarkable degeneration and loss. There was severe degeneration of the posterior columns, especially in the gracilis, of the spinal cord. Nerve cells in the anterior horns and Clarke's columns also displayed conspicuous atrophy or central chromatolysis followed by gliosis. There was slight degeneration of the posterior spinocerebellar tracts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
On the use of historical controls in the analysis of laboratory data.
Our purpose is to propose a method of data analysis incorporating historical controls. It consists of three steps of hypothesis testing procedure. The first step is the check of concurrent controls. The second is the significance testing of treatment groups in comparison with historical controls which are composed of negative and positive controls. The third is the significance testing of a linear trend of the dose-response relationship. The superiority of the proposed procedure is also verified.
Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
The effect of measurement error on the dose-response curve.
In epidemiological studies for an environmental risk assessment, doses are often observed with errors. However, they have received little attention in data analysis. This paper studies the effect of measurement errors on the observed dose-response curve. Under the assumptions of the monotone likelihood ratio on errors and a monotone increasing dose-response curve, it is verified that the slope of the observed dose-response curve is likely to be gentler than the true one. The observed variance of responses are not so homogeneous as to be expected under models without errors. The estimation of parameters in a hockey-stick type dose-response curve with a threshold is considered on line of the maximum likelihood method for a functional relationship model. Numerical examples adaptable to the data in a 1986 study of the effect of air pollution that was conducted in Japan are also presented. The proposed model is proved to be suitable to the data in the example cited in this paper.
Air Pollutants↗
A procedure for data analysis of the rodent micronucleus test involving a historical control.
No standard procedure of data analysis for rodent micronucleus tests involving historical controls has been established. In the present paper, under the presumption that the distribution of the historical control is stable and reliable, a procedure with three statistical steps is proposed to analyze the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs). In the first step, the frequencies of MNPCEs in negative and positive control groups of a current experiment of the micronucleus test are compared with the distribution of historical negative and positive controls to examine the technical validity of the current experiment. In the second step, the frequency of MNPCEs in each treatment group is compared with the distribution of the historical negative control. In the third step, the dose-response relation is tested with the Cochran-Armitage trend test. A Monte Carlo stimulation study shows that the power of this procedure is acceptable and also this procedure is robust. An application of this procedure on real data reveals that it is effective in detecting clastogenic chemicals when the probability of a type I error is nearly .01.
Animals↗
[Nursing of a right handed patient with multiple fractures and nerve injuries at the right arm--expansion of the ADL and assistance in adapting to hospitalization].
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Activities of Daily Living↗
[A case of congenital myotonic dystrophy with infantile autism].
An 11-year-old girl with congenital myotonic dystrophy and infantile autism was reported. Her mother also suffered from typical myotonic dystrophy. Since her birth, the patient had been floppy, and showed bilateral talipes equinus at 1 year of age. Her subsequent psychomotor and speech development has been retarded. She showed autistic behavior and persistence to the sameness before 2 years old. She was admitted to Sawarabien at the age of 10 years. She could not talk anything but could understand simple, oral messages. Although she had severe degree of mental retardation, her ability for matching figures was relatively well reserved. Her autism was so manifest that it could not be explained by the degree of mental retardation. Neurological examinations revealed that she had facial diplegia, inverted V-shaped mouth, high-arched palate, talipes equinus, percussion myotonia of the tongue, generalized muscular atrophy and weakness, lordosis, areflexia, and congenital cataracta. The serum CPK was slightly elevated. EMG showed a myopathic pattern but did not show any myotonic discharge yet. The brachioradial muscle was biopsied and examined by light- and electron-microscopy. It mainly showed mild varieties of muscle fiber diameter and internal nuclei. Ultrastructurally, irregularly indented central nuclei and perinuclear degeneration of myofibrils associated with secondary lysosomes, lipid droplets and glycogen granules were revealed. Ventricular dilatation and some dysfunction of the brain were also revealed by CT scan and EEG respectively. The present case suggests that congenital myotonic dystrophy can be added into the disease group associated with infantile autism.
Autistic Disorder↗
Juvenile Parkinson's disease with widespread Lewy bodies in the brain.
A clinico-pathological case report on a case of juvenile Parkinson's disease (JPD) with widespread Lewy bodies (LBs) in the brain is presented with comparative morphological studies on two demented cases of "classical" Parkinson's disease (CPD) with disease onset at an older age. The clinical and histological pictures of this JPD case were typical of Parkinson's disease, excepting numerous Lewy bodies in the cerebrum. There were no neurofibrillary change nor senile plaques throughout the CNS. The distribution and histochemical and ultrastructural characters of the histological lesions (i.e., LBs) in the JPD and the two CPD cases were investigated and compared. The comparison showed no qualitative but only quantitative differences between the two types of Parkinson's disease. The present study also revealed that in CPD cases significant numbers of LBs could be present in the cerebral cortex, amygdaloid and claustrum. These lesions can be in part responsible for dementia in CPD.
Adult↗
[Tachistoscope and dichotic listening test of the subject after the transection of the posterior part of the corpus callosum].
The authors made neuropsychological studies by the tachistoscope and the dichotic listening test on a subject who had undergone the transection of the posterior part of the corpus callosum. As to the tachistoscopic recognition, stimulus material was composed with the various Japanese letters (Katakana, Hiragana, Kanji), various faces (variations of the eyebrow form and the mouth form) and various slopes of line. Table 1 shows results of the cases (the subject was the present case, subjects 1 and subject 2 were past cases). It was seen that the performance of the subject on Japanese letters tasks showed greater right visual field superiority than the one of subject 1 and subject 2. As to the auditory recognition, the tasks used for the dichotic listening test were the following (Table 2, 3, 4). Different digits (three pairs) of the subject showed greater right ear superiority (right ear: 61.1, left ear 5.9) than the ones of subject 1 and subject 2.
Brain Neoplasms↗
Effects of age on adaptive behavior levels and academic skill levels in autistic and mentally retarded children.
This study investigated the effect of age on adaptive behavior and academic skill in autistic and mentally retarded children. Subjects were 47 autistic and 128 mentally retarded children from a special school. Cross-sectional comparisons were made between junior and senior groups using ratings obtained from teachers on adaptive behaviors and academic skills. We found that the levels of toilet training, eating skills, participation in group activities, and self-control in the autistic children improved significantly with age. The skills of number concepts in the autistic children also improved with age. However, these adaptive and academic levels were in general significantly lower than those of the mentally retarded children. The levels of initiative did not improve significantly in either the autistic or the mentally retarded children, and they were significantly lower in the autistic children. The implications of these findings in the context of our previous study on the changes of communication and maladaptive behaviors with age in the autistic children are discussed.
Activities of Daily Living↗