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Biomedical subjects

I White

Publications and source records attributed to I White.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

The human NOTCH1, 2, and 3 genes are located at chromosome positions 9q34, 1p13-p11, and 19p13.2-p13.1 in regions of neoplasia-associated translocation.

In Drosophila the Notch gene controls differentiation to various cell fates in many tissues. Three mammalian Notch homologs have recently been identified: Notch 1, 2, and 3. All three homologs are very highly conserved relative to the Drosophila Notch gene, which suggests that they are important for cell differentiation in mammals. This notion is supported by the previous finding of a truncated, translocated form of the human NOTCH1 gene (formerly TAN1) in three cases of leukemia. Given this genetic link between NOTCH1 and tumor formation, it is of interest to establish the chromosomal positions of the other two homologs. We report the identification of cosmid clones for the human NOTCH1, 2, and 3 genes. These clones were used as probes in fluorescence in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes, and the results, combined with data from somatic cell hybrid panels, show that the NOTCH2 and 3 genes are located at positions 1p13-p11 and 19p13.2-p13.1, respectively, which are regions of neoplasia-associated translocation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Plagiarism or protecting public health?

Is milk produced using recombinant bovine growth hormone hazardous to animal health? Despite wide publicity, the controversy remains unresolved. Rapid publication of all available data is essential if progress is to be made.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

1991 Census of Great Britain: summary of results.

All the scheduled Topic Statistics Population Statistics reports from the 1991 Census are now published. This article illustrates the Census range of statistics contained in these reports, making some comparisons with results from the 1981 Census for those topics where there are comparable figures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Predisposition for breast cancer in carriers of constitutional translocation 11q;22q.

A translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 11 and 22, t(11;22)(q23;q11), is the most frequent constitutional reciprocal translocation in man. This chromosome abnormality has not previously been reported to be associated with an increased risk for neoplasia. The observation of one patient with a constitutional translocation t(11q;22q) and breast cancer prompted us to study the relationship between these two conditions. The incidence of breast cancer was determined in carriers of t(11q;22q). The karyotypes were determined by QFQ-banding, and the breakpoints were then further characterized by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Eight families with a total of 22 balanced carriers were found. In five of these families there was one case of breast cancer each. In another family a case of an unknown malignancy was reported in one member. No other malignancies were found among these patients. The number of breast cancer cases was significantly higher than expected among the translocation carriers (P < .001). The chromosomal breakpoints showed the same localization with the markers used, in the seven families studied. The association of constitutional translocation t(11q;22q) and breast cancer identifies a subset of patients with a highly increased risk for breast cancer who would benefit from counseling and screening. It also suggests the involvement of genes on 11q and/or 22q, in the tumorigenesis of breast cancer.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1993

Gender differences in occupational mobility and structure of employment in the British Civil Service.

In all industrialized societies health status in adults has been found to vary with social position. Attempts to explain this are usually grouped under headings of artefact, material, lifestyle and selective mobility of the healthiest. Such attempts have to date been unsuccessful in fully accounting for this relationship, and whilst they have merit have left unconsidered the effects of the process whereby social stratification occurs. The present study is a prelude to subsequent studies that will endeavour to distinguish between three separate influences on health--the effects of current social position, the long term effects stemming from one's initial class position, and the effects of the processes governing mobility. The purpose of our present investigation is to describe patterns of occupational mobility, that will enable us to identify possible predictors of subsequent mobility and therefore to indicate to what extent mobility might be a process governed by social rules. The work presented in this paper comprises part of the Whitehall II study of occupational, social and lifestyle influences upon health in a Civil Service population. Using multiple regression techniques almost half the variation in mobility is modelled in terms of educational level, fathers' social class, gender, marital status, age on entry into the Civil Service, length of time in Civil Service employment and grade of entry into the Civil Service. Using estimates derived from this model it is suggested that a number of sub-groups within the Civil Service suffer adverse mobility (mobility appears particularly restricted for women and for those entering the Civil Service above 30 years of age). The results obtained suggest that the issue of obstructed opportunity at the workplace could become a focus for fruitful investigation, linking issues of personal autonomy, expectations and control to health. A number of methodological problems in this kind of work are considered together with discussion of how the model can be used to increase our understanding of mobility.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Prediction of general practice workload from census based social deprivation scores.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare the ability of census based social deprivation scores devised by Jarman, Carstairs, and Townsend to predict workload in general practice. DESIGN: This was a prospective study of 140,050 patients registered with general practices over one year from 1 July 1981 (Third National Morbidity Survey). Main outcome measures were workload score for each patient, defined as a weighted sum of consultations at the surgery and consultations elsewhere, excluding preventive procedures. SETTING: 25 general practices in England and Wales. MAIN RESULTS: In multivariate analyses the Jarman, Carstairs, and Townsend indices all predicted workload, but the Townsend index was the best predictor, with both housing tenure and car ownership being strong predictors of workload. The overcrowding and geographical mobility variables used in the Jarman index did not predict increased workload. The weighting assigned to children under five by the Jarman index underestimated the additional workload this group generated. CONCLUSIONS: For identifying social pressures on general practice workload the Jarman index is less valid than other census based scores because it fails to include car ownership and housing tenure. A more rational scheme for compensating general practitioners would directly weight the capitation fee for children aged under five years and allocate current deprivation payments according to the Townsend index or a similar score. This would redistribute resources from London to deprived areas in northern England.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study.

The Whitehall study of British civil servants begun in 1967, showed a steep inverse association between social class, as assessed by grade of employment, and mortality from a wide range of diseases. Between 1985 and 1988 we investigated the degree and causes of the social gradient in morbidity in a new cohort of 10,314 civil servants (6900 men, 3414 women) aged 35-55 (the Whitehall II study). Participants were asked to answer a self-administered questionnaire and attend a screening examination. In the 20 years separating the two studies there has been no diminution in social class difference in morbidity: we found an inverse association between employment grade and prevalence of angina, electrocardiogram evidence of ischaemia, and symptoms of chronic bronchitis. Self-perceived health status and symptoms were worse in subjects in lower status jobs. There were clear employment-grade differences in health-risk behaviours including smoking, diet, and exercise, in economic circumstances, in possible effects of early-life environment as reflected by height, in social circumstances at work (eg, monotonous work characterised by low control and low satisfaction), and in social supports. Healthy behaviours should be encouraged across the whole of society; more attention should be paid to the social environments, job design, and the consequences of income inequality.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Inadvertent epidural administration of potassium chloride. A case report.

A 24-year-old black female presented for repeat elective Caesarean section. The procedure was performed under epidural anaesthesia. Sufentanil 25 micrograms, intended for postoperative analgesia, was inadvertently diluted to 10 ml with 15 per cent potassium chloride (KCl) instead of preservative-free normal saline (0.9 per cent NaCl). This solution was then injected via an epidural catheter into the epidural space at the conclusion of surgery. Two hours after injection of the sufetanil-KCl mixture, the patient had a level of sensory blockade to T1 and diaphoresis above this level. Painful muscle spasms had also developed below T1. One hour later she developed hypertension which required hydralazine 10 mg and labetalol 25 mg IV for treatment. The patient was treated supportively with oxygen. Dexamethasone 10 mg was administered intravenously to reduce spinal cord oedema. Intravenous diazepam 10 mg and meperidine 75 mg were given for sedation and analgesia. Complete recovery occurred within 12 hours.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Gc and PGM subtypes in northern Greece.

By isoelectric fucusing, Gc and PGM subtypes were examined in a sample of over 450 Greeks from Thessaloniki and surrounding areas. The gene frequencies are compared with those from other Greek and European samples.

Gene Frequency↗
PubMed1987

Group-specific component (Gc) subtypes in the Indian subcontinent.

From populations of the Indian subcontinent Gc subtypes were investigated in 14 socio-culturally diverse groups. The tribal populations showed a greater differentiation at this locus than the caste and Muslim groups. This marked difference between tribal populations is likely to be due to their breeding structure and historical affiliation, although a possible effect of natural selection cannot be ruled out.

Alleles↗
PubMed1986

The occurrence of polyenoic fatty acids with greater than 22 carbon atoms in mammalian spermatozoa.

Fatty acids with carbon chain lengths greater than 22 (VLCFA) have been detected in boar, ram, bull and human spermatozoa. Saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids were present in all spermatozoa but, except for human spermatozoa, polyenoic fatty acids were quantitatively the most important components. Marked differences in polyenoic fatty acid composition were observed. Whereas human spermatozoa contain predominantly di-, tri- and tetraenoic fatty acids with up to 32 carbon atoms, boar, ram and bull spermatozoa also contain pentaenoic and/or hexaenoic acids with up to 34 carbon atoms. Human and boar spermatozoa differ markedly from those of the ram and bull in that only n-6 series acids are present.

Animals↗