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I Thesleff

Publications and source records attributed to I Thesleff.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Molecular cloning of murine 72-kDa type IV collagenase and its expression during mouse development.

We report the isolation of a cDNA clone providing the first and complete sequence of mouse 72-kDa type IV collagenase. The clone contains 2800 nucleotides with a 1986-nucleotide open reading frame coding for 662 amino acids. The amino acid sequence includes a 29-residue signal peptide, an 80-residue propeptide, and a 553-residue enzyme proper. The sequence identity between the mouse and human enzymes is 96% with all cysteine residues conserved. The carboxyl-terminal domain of the mouse enzyme contains two more residues than the human enzyme. Northern hybridization analysis revealed considerable expression of the enzyme gene in newborn mouse lung, heart, kidney, and psoas muscle tissues, whereas only weak or no signals were observed in liver, spleen, and brain. Expression of the gene was substantially reduced in the same tissues of 3-month-old mice. In situ hybridization analysis of 72-kDa type IV collagenase expression in 10-15-day-old mouse embryos showed that the gene was intensely expressed in mesenchymal cells. Brain and surface ectoderm were completely negative. The epithelial tissue component of developing organs was negative with the exception of salivary gland. Although the expression varied somewhat between different mesenchymal tissues, no temporal or spatial changes could be associated with the advancement of epithelial branching morphogenesis. These findings together with our previous data on the expression of 72-kDa type IV collagenase in human tumors indicate that this enzyme has some very specific roles both in the physiological and pathological degradation of extracellular matrix. Furthermore, it has become clear that the closely related 92-kDa type IV collagenase differs completely with respect to expression pattern as well as gene regulation. The mouse cDNA clones reported in this study may provide important tools unraveling the actual roles of these enzymes in vivo.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1992

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in murine organogenesis.

Reciprocal, sequential interactions between embryonic epithelial and their mesenchymal stroma guide the cytodifferentiation and organization of both components. These morphogenetic interactions and their consequences are examined in two model systems in vitro: the mouse metanephric blastema and the tooth rudiment. Experimental approaches include dissection and recombination of the interacting tissues, localization of molecular changes by immunohistology and in situ hybridization. An early response of the mesenchyme is increased proliferation of cells in the vicinity of the epithelial inductor and their subsequent aggregation (condensation). In the kidney model disruption of this aggregation or prevention of assembly of the programmed cells results in impaired cytodifferentiation. If the cells are allowed to reaggregate, a phenotype is expressed not unlike that seen in normal in vivo conditions. Our present interest is focused on the early metabolic events associated with the condensation phenomenon. The cell surface proteoglycan syndecan and the matrix glycoprotein tenascin are expressed in the condensed mesenchyme and may mediate cell-matrix interactions. The expression patterns of certain growth factors suggest functions in signal transduction.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Coordinated induction of cell proliferation and syndecan expression in dental mesenchyme by epithelium: evidence for diffusible signals.

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions induce the expression of syndecan, a cell surface proteoglycan, and tenascin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein in the mesenchymal component of many organ rudiments including the tooth. Experimental recombination cultures of early dental epithelium and mesenchyme were analysed by double immunostaining to compare the distribution of syndecan, tenascin, and proliferating cells (BrdU incorporation) in the induced dental mesenchyme. After 5-9 hr in culture expression of syndecan and tenascin as well as an increase in BrdU incorporation were evident in the mesenchymal cells adjacent to the epithelium and the positive area enlarged with time. Syndecan and tenascin were colocalized only partially in some explants. The expression of syndecan and tenascin in the recombinants correlates with their stage-dependent expression pattern during early tooth development in vivo (Vainio and Thesleff, 1992). The area of increased cell proliferation in the mesenchyme correlated closely with syndecan expression. In none of the explants was increased BrdU incorporation observed in syndecan negative areas. Epithelium induced also condensation of the mesenchymal cells. Induction and spread of the syndecan-positive zone in the dental mesenchyme required close and continuous contact with the epithelium. The mechanism by which the induction of syndecan expression spreads in the mesenchyme was studied in rat-mouse interspecies recombination cultures, using syndecan antibodies that recognize mouse but not rat syndecan. The rat mesenchyme and epithelium were first cultured in contact for 24 hr. Then the epithelium was removed and freshly dissected, "uninduced" mouse mesenchyme was placed in contact with different aspects of the rat mesenchyme. The rat mesenchymal cells that had located next to the epithelial tissue stimulated syndecan expression in adjacent mouse mesenchyme. The induction potential was gradually lost toward the periphery of the rat mesenchyme. Based on these findings we suggest that diffusible signal molecules mediate the spread of syndecan induction in the mesenchyme and that syndecan plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of surface processing on the attachment, orientation, and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts on titanium.

The adhesion, orientation, and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts was studied on electropolished (elpTi), etched (etchTi), and sandblasted (sblTi) titanium surfaces. The texture, chemical state, and composition of the titanium surfaces were analyzed using a surface tracing instrument and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Considerable differences were evident in the surface texture and chemical composition of the differently treated titanium plates. Electropolishing produced the smoothest and cleanest surface. Human gingival fibroblasts attached, spread, and proliferated on all titanium surfaces. However, cells on elpTi exhibited an extremely flat morphology and seemed to form cellular bridges with adjacent cells, whereas the etchTi and sblTi surfaces harbored both round and flat cells with many long processes. Cells on elpTi appeared to grow in thick layers with no specific orientation, whereas on etchTi surfaces they were migrating along the parallel, irregular minor grooves caused by mechanical polishing, and on sblTi surfaces they seemed to grow in clusters. Stress-fiber type actin bundles and vinculin-containing focal adhesions were present in cells spreading on elpTi and etchTi surfaces but not in cells spreading on sblTi surfaces. Cell shape, orientation, and proliferation appear to depend on the texture of the titanium surface and probably also on the properties of the oxide layer and adjacent bulk material. Our findings suggest that smooth or finely grooved titanium surfaces could be optimal in implants adjacent to soft tissues as they support the attachment and growth of human gingival fibroblasts.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed1992

Association between the expression of murine 72 kDa type IV collagenase by odontoblasts and basement membrane degradation during mouse tooth development.

In situ hybridization was used to study the expression of the 72 kDa type IV collagenase gene and its association with morphogenesis and cell differentiation during advancing mouse tooth development. The epithelia were completely negative during all developmental stages. The dental mesenchyme was uniformly positive during the early stages of tooth morphogenesis, and no association of type IV collagenase with morphogenetic events was observed. However, at the bell stage the expression increased in differentiating preodontoblasts. Expression was intense in the odontoblasts during secretion of the first predentine matrix. The expression was, however, transient; it decreased around the time when mineralization of dentine started until it completely ceased. Transcripts for 72 kDa type IV collagenase also gradually disappeared from the dental pulp. The expression of 72 kDa type IV collagenase was also strong in the osteoblastic cell lineage. The preosteoblasts at the beginning of the formation of mandibular bone as well as the osteoblasts of the alveolar bone expressed more 72 kDa type IV collagenase than did other mesenchymal cells. The increased gene expression in the odontoblasts correlates with the disappearance of the dental basement membrane as shown by immunolabelling with antibodies against type IV collagen. The onset of increased expression in the odontoblasts preceded the disappearance of the basement membrane and at the time when type IV collagenase transcripts were lost from all odontoblasts the basement membrane was completely removed. It can be speculated that during early stages of tooth development the 72 kDa type IV collagenase acts as a gelatinase whereas during later stages, when odontoblasts and ameloblasts differentiate and the deposition of predentine and enamel matrix is initiated, the enzyme may act as a type IV collagenase and contribute to the degradation of the dental basement membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Transient and recurrent expression of the Egr-1 gene in epithelial and mesenchymal cells during tooth morphogenesis suggests involvement in tissue interactions and in determination of cell fate.

We have analyzed the expression of early growth response gene (Egr-1) by mRNA in situ hybridization during mouse embryonic tooth development and in experimental recombinations of dental epithelium and mesenchyme. Egr-1 was transiently and recurrently expressed both in epithelial and mesenchymal cells starting from day 13 of gestation and up to 4 days after birth. The expression correlated with developmental transition points of dental mesenchymal and epithelial cells suggesting a role for Egr-1 in sequential determination and differentiation of cells. In recombination cultures of early dental epithelium and mesenchyme Egr-1 RNA was localized at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface in mesenchymal cells, and in two cases also in epithelial cells. These data indicate that Egr-1 expression may be regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions when they are specific enough to initiate differentiation. We have also analyzed by in situ hybridization whether Wilms' tumour-1 gene (wt-1) is expressed in the developing tooth as it was proposed on the bases of in vitro studies that it may inhibit Egr-1 expression. No wt-1 expression was detected at any stage of tooth development showing that wt-1 is not obligatory for regulation of Egr-1 expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Sequential induction of syndecan, tenascin and cell proliferation associated with mesenchymal cell condensation during early tooth development.

The cell surface proteoglycan, syndecan, and the extracellular matrix glycoprotein, tenascin, are expressed in the mesenchyme during early development of many organs. We have studied the expression patterns of syndecan and tenascin during initiation of tooth development and in association with mesenchymal cell condensation and compared these with cell proliferation. Syndecan, tenascin and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation were localized by triple-labelling immunohistochemistry in serial sections of molar tooth germs of mouse embryos. Prior to formation of the epithelial tooth bud, syndecan accumulated in the mesenchymal cells which underlie the presumptive dental epithelium, but tenascin was not detected at this stage. Tenascin appeared during initiation of the epithelial down-growth at the lingual aspect of the tooth germ. During subsequent formation of the epithelial bud, at the late bud stage, syndecan and tenascin became exactly colocalized in the condensed mesenchyme which was clearly demarcated from other jaw mesenchyme. The expression of syndecan and tenascin was accompanied by rapid cell proliferation as indicated by marked BrdU incorporation. When development advanced to the cap stage, syndecan staining intensity in the dental papilla mesenchyme increased further whereas tenascin became reduced. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the expression patterns of syndecan and tenascin overlap transiently during the period of mesenchymal cell condensation and that this is accompanied by cell proliferation. Syndecan and tenascin may play a role in growth control and in compartmentalization of the dental mesenchymal cells in the condensate.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Expression of type I collagen pro-alpha 2 chain mRNA in adult human permanent teeth as revealed by in situ hybridization.

The expression of the gene COL1A2, coding for the pro-alpha 2 chain of type I pro-collagen, was analyzed in fully developed human permanent teeth. The teeth were fixed with formalin, demineralized with EDTA for about ten weeks, and embedded in paraffin. Pro-alpha 2(I) mRNA was localized in the sections by in situ hybridization, with use of [35S)]-labeled single-stranded RNA probes. The amount of mRNA for pro-alpha 2(I) collagen chain, as indicated by the relative densities of silver grains and the grain counts per cell in autoradiography, was high in odontoblasts, whereas in pulpal fibroblasts it was low. High levels of pro-alpha 2(I)mRNA expression were also present in those odontoblasts which had elaborated new dentin matrix in response to dental caries. Expression in the periodontal ligament, including the cementoblast layer, was slightly stronger than that in odontoblasts. The intense expression of pro-alpha 2(I) mRNA in odontoblasts of adult teeth suggests that even after the completion of primary dentin formation, they continue to synthesize heterotrimeric type I collagen molecules. Cell type-specific differences in the expression of pro-alpha 2(I) mRNA imply that type I collagen probably plays a major role in the regulation of the structure and function of dental tissues. Finally, in situ hybridization enabled pro-alpha 2(I) collagen mRNA to be detected in tissue sections even after prolonged demineralization, and thus it proved to be a valuable technique for analysis of gene expression in adult dental tissues, as shown here for COL1A2.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The role of growth factors in determination and differentiation of the odontoblastic cell lineage.

In developing teeth the differentiation of odontoblasts is triggered by the enamel epithelium and is tightly coupled with morphogenesis. There is substantial evidence that even in mature teeth the cells of the dental pulp retain the capability to differentiate into odontoblasts under suitable conditions. However, cells from other than the dental mesenchymal cell lineage apparently do not possess this potential. Thus, it is conceivable that the dental mesenchymal cells acquire cell type-specific potential to differentiate into odontoblasts during their developmental history. Therefore, the understanding of the mechanisms which regulate the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts requires that the molecular changes and mechanisms that are associated with their progressive determination be clarified. It can be speculated that there are key transition points in the developmental sequence during which the mesenchymal cells acquire new levels of differentiation. These include, (1) the condensation of the neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells around the epithelial bud, (2) their entrance into the dental papilla lineage during cap stage, and (3) the differentiation of the cells underlying the enamel epithelium into odontoblasts during bell stage. The transition points are conceivably characterized by amplification or onset of expression of new sets of genes encoding transcription factors, growth factors as well as structural proteins. We have applied in situ hybridization for localization of the expression of two growth factors during mouse molar morphogenesis: transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) and int-2 (a proto-oncogene coding for a fibroblast growth factor-related protein). During bud stage, expression of TGF beta 1 was first detected in the epithelium and shortly thereafter in the condensed dental mesenchyme. The expression was weak during early bell stage but a high number of transcripts appeared in secretory odontoblasts as well as in presecretory ameloblasts. int-2 mRNA appeared in the dental papilla mesenchyme at the onset of cap stage, persisted in the cuspal mesenchyme during bell stage and was lost upon completion of morphogenesis. Our findings suggest that cell type-specific expression of TGF beta 1 and int-2 is associated with phenotypic properties of the odontoblastic cell lineage. For instance, TGF beta 1 may regulate matrix deposition by increasing tenascin and syndecan expression in the condensed dental mesenchyme and by controlling dentin matrix deposition by odontoblasts. TGF beta 1 and int-2 may also be involved in signalling between the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues and in regulation of gene expression at the transition points of the developmental sequence that leads to the differentiation of odontoblasts.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Dependence of kidney morphogenesis on the expression of nerve growth factor receptor.

Nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) serves as the binding site for the neurotrophic growth factors. Although NGFR has been found in several embryonic tissues outside the nervous system, the function of NGFR in embryogenesis of non-neuronal organs remains unknown. NGFR is transiently synthesized by embryonic rat kidney and disappears from nephrons upon their terminal differentiation. Anti-sense oligonucleotide inhibition of NGFR expression inhibits kidney morphogenesis. Therefore, NGFR is required not only for development of the nervous system, but also for differentiation of the kidney tubules.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Syndecan from embryonic tooth mesenchyme binds tenascin.

Syndecan is a cell surface heparan sulfate-rich proteoglycan found on various epithelial cells but also in some embryonic mesenchymal tissues. We have immunoisolated syndecan from embryonic tooth mesenchyme that appeared as a 250-300-kDa molecule (Kav = 0.3 in Sepharose 4B), containing only heparan sulfate side chains (Mr = 35,000). Northern analysis of whole tooth germs and tooth mesenchymes also revealed high expression of syndecan mRNAs (2.6 and 3.4 kilobases). In the binding assay utilizing nitrocellulose as a solid phase to immobilize matrix molecules, syndecan immunoisolated from tooth mesenchyme revealed binding to tenascin, and this interaction was shown to be mediated via heparan sulfate side chains. In contrast, syndecan from mouse mammary epithelial cells showed only weak interaction with tenascin. We propose that syndecan and tenascin may represent interactions of a cell surface receptor and a matrix ligand involved in mesenchymal cell condensation and differentiation during early organogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Expression of syndecan gene is induced early, is transient, and correlates with changes in mesenchymal cell proliferation during tooth organogenesis.

Syndecan is an integral cell surface proteoglycan which contains an extracellular matrix-binding domain and a cytoskeleton-associated domain and may therefore transfer changes in the extracellular environment to cellular behavior. Changes in syndecan gene expression during embryonic and early postnatal mouse tooth development were analyzed by in situ hybridization and compared with the distribution of syndecan core protein and cell proliferation studied by immunohistochemistry. Syndecan RNA became accumulated in the condensing mesenchymal cells around the invaginating epithelial tooth bud during early development, and this accumulation became more intense when morphogenesis advanced to the cap stage. During the bell stage, when the cuspal pattern of the tooth is established, syndecan transcripts were lost, and RNA was not detected in the terminally differentiated or postmitotic odontoblasts. In the epithelium, syndecan RNA was intensely expressed in the invaginating epithelial bud, but the expression was reduced during the cap and bell stages. However, local stimulation in syndecan gene expression was observed in the epithelial preameloblasts immediately preceding their terminal differentiation into ameloblasts, which was accompanied by a complete loss of transcripts. There was a close correlation between the changes in syndecan transcripts and the distribution of syndecan core protein. Furthermore, analysis of cell proliferation by immunohistochemical detection of BrdU incorporation revealed that in the mesenchyme, but not in the epithelium, syndecan was intensely expressed by proliferating cells. The analysis of mRNA by Northern blot indicated that the transcripts in mesenchymal and epithelial cells were of similar size. In the slot-blot analysis the changes in syndecan transcripts correlated with the overall changes observed in the in situ hybridization analysis. The role of tissue interactions in the regulation of the syndecan gene was studied by using tissue recombination cultures of separated epithelial and mesenchymal components of the early tooth germ. The in situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis of these explants showed that the expression was increased in the mesenchyme cultured in contact with the epithelium. Our results indicate that syndecan gene expression in the embryonic tooth mesenchyme is induced by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and thereafter expressed stage-dependently and transiently by the differentiating cells during organogenesis. The association of syndecan expression with mesenchymal cell proliferation raises the possibility that, in addition to behaving as a matrix receptor, syndecan may have a role in controlling growth and that syndecan may have different functions in epithelial and mesenchymal cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Induced expression of syndecan in healing wounds.

We have studied the expression of an integral cell surface proteoglycan, syndecan, during the healing of cutaneous wounds, using immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization methods. In normal mouse skin, both syndecan antigen and mRNA were found to be expressed exclusively by epidermal and hair follicle cells. After incision and subsequent suturing, remarkably increased amounts of syndecan on the cell surfaces of migrating and proliferating epidermal cells and on hair follicle cells adjacent to wound margins were noted. This increased syndecan expression was shown to be a consequence of greater amounts of syndecan mRNA. Induction was observed already 1 d after wounding, was most significant at the time of intense cell proliferation, and was still observable 14 d after incision. The migrating cells of the leading edge of the epithelium also showed enhanced syndecan expression, although clearly less than that seen in the proliferating epithelium. The merging epithelial cells at the site of incision showed little or no syndecan expression; increased syndecan expression, however, was detected during later epithelial stratification. When wounds were left unsutured, in situ hybridization experiments also revealed scattered syndecan-positive signals in the granulation tissue near the migrating epidermal sheet. By immunohistochemical analysis, positive staining in granulation tissue was observed around vascular endothelial cells in a subpopulation of growing capillaries. Induction of syndecan in granulation tissue both at the protein and mRNA levels was temporally and spatially highly restricted. Granulation tissue, which formed in viscose cellulose sponge cylinders placed under the skin of rats, was also found to produce 3.4 and 2.6 kb mRNA species of syndecan similar to that observed in the normal murine mammary epithelial cell line, NMuMG. These results suggest that syndecan may have a unique and important role as a cell adhesion and a growth factor-binding molecule not only during embryogenesis but also during tissue regeneration in mature tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Immunohistochemical localization of epidermal growth factor receptors in human gingival epithelia.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a small molecular weight polypeptide which is thought to have important functions in epithelial growth and differentiation and in wound healing. EGF exerts its action on cells through binding to a cell surface receptor. Using immunohistochemistry and a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against the EGF receptor, we have examined gingival specimens of periodontally healthy individuals and patients with adult adult (AP) and juvenile periodontitis (JP), as well as epithelial cell rests of Malassez. EGF receptors were expressed at high levels on the cell surface of basal cell layers of gingival epithelium. In normal junctional epithelium, on the other hand, specific labeling was faint or negative, indicating that receptors are poorly expressed or absent in these cells. No differences were detected between uninflamed gingival specimens of periodontally healthy subjects and of patients with JP. Instead, in biopsies of inflamed tissue from AP patients, an intense cell surface labeling was revealed in proliferating epithelial cells. Moreover, the epithelial cell rests of Malassez bound the antibody intensely. The results suggest that EGF is involved in control of epithelial growth and differentiation in periodontal tissues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Immunohistochemical localization of the matrix glycoproteins--tenascin and the ED-sequence-containing form of cellular fibronectin--in human permanent teeth and periodontal ligament.

The expression of two matrix glycoproteins, tenascin and cellular fibronectin (cFN), has been studied in fully developed human permanent teeth, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone, in both frozen and paraffin-processed material. Polyclonal antibodies to tenascin and a monoclonal antibody recognizing the ED sequence specific to at least some forms of cFN were used. Staining for both tenascin and cFN was positive in the dental pulp, odontoblastic layer, cementoblast-pre-cementum zone, and on the periosteal as well as endosteal surfaces of the alveolar bone. In the periodontal ligament, cFN was evenly distributed, whereas tenascin was accumulated in the attachment zones. Pre-dentin stained for tenascin but not for cFN. Mineralized dentin and cementum were tenascin- and cFN-negative. The relative staining intensity for tenascin was greater than that for cFN in the cementoblast-pre-cementum layer and in the attachment zones of the periodontal ligament, whereas cFN stained more intensely in the pulp. In frozen material, antigenicities were well-preserved. Paraffin processing facilitated precise recognition of tissue morphology, but the antigenicity of cFN was lost. The co-expression of tenascin and cFN in the dental pulp, cementogenic zone, and on the surfaces of the alveolar bone may reflect the ability of the cells to deposit mineralized tissue matrices. The pronounced expression of tenascin in the interfaces between mineralized and non-mineralized tissues suggests that it is functionally associated with mechanical stress and may thus have at least two distinct functions. The relative amounts of the two matrix glycoproteins may contribute to regulation of tissue structure.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Associations between transforming growth factor beta 1 RNA expression and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth morphogenesis.

We have studied the expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta 1) RNA during mouse tooth development, using in situ hybridization and experimental tissue recombinations. Analysis of the serial sections revealed the appearance of local expression of TGF-beta 1 RNA in the dental epithelium at bud-staged teeth (13-day embryos). Just before transition to the cap stage, TGF-beta 1 RNA expression rapidly increased in the epithelial bud, and it also extended to the condensed dental mesenchyme. At cap stage (14- and 15-day embryos), there was an intense expression of TGF-beta 1 RNA in the morphologically active cervical loops of the dental epithelium. During early bell stage (16- and 17-day embryos), TGF-beta 1 RNA expression was detected in the inner enamel epithelium where it subsequently almost disappeared (18-day embryos). After birth TGF-beta 1 transcripts transiently appeared in these cells when they were differentiating into ameloblasts (1-day mice). The transcripts were lost from the ameloblasts when they became secretory (4-day mice), but the expression continued in ameloblasts in enamel-free areas. Transient expression of TGF-beta 1 RNA was also detected in epithelial stratum intermedium cells at the time of ameloblast differentiation. In the mesenchyme, TGF-beta 1 RNA was not detected during bell stage until it appeared in differentiated odontoblasts (18-day embryos). The secretory odontoblasts continued to express TGF-beta 1 RNA at all stages studied including the odontoblasts of incisor roots. Analysis of the distribution of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation indicated apparent correlations between TGF-beta 1 RNA expression and cell proliferation at the bud and cap stages but not at later stages of tooth development. Tissue recombination experiments of bud-staged (13-day embryos) dental and non-dental tissues showed that tooth epithelium, when cultured together with tooth mesenchyme, expressed TGF-beta 1 RNA. When the tooth epithelium was combined with non-dental jaw mesenchyme, TGF-beta 1 transcripts were not expressed. However, TGF-beta 1 RNA expression was seen in oral epithelium cultured with dental mesenchyme, while no expression of TGF-beta 1 transcripts was seen in the oral epithelium during normal development. Thus, TGF-beta 1 RNA expression seems to be regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Tooth development.

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Growth Substances↗