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Biomedical subjects

I Oswald

Publications and source records attributed to I Oswald.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Physiological and psychological differences between good and poor sleepers.

Eighteen poor sleepers and 18 good sleepers of mean age 52 yr, selected on the basis of their stated opinions about their sleep, were studied as pairs matched for sex, age, height and weight, on five consecutive nights and two consecutive days. Using EEG measures, the poor sleepers woke more often in the early hours of sleep and achieved half an hour less sleep. They had higher body temperatures by day and night and were more anxious. They tended to have higher urinary cortisol and adrenaline excretion. The groups did not differ in reaction time nor in excretion of urinary 3-methylhistidine. The poor sleepers over-estimated their sleep latency and both groups under-estimated their total sleep, the poor sleepers being significantly more inaccurate. It is concluded that those who complain of poor sleep have also metabolic differences from good sleepers.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The hypnotic effects of an antihistamine: promethazine.

Twelve volunteer poor sleepers of mean age 59 years took placebo on one night, promethazine 20 mg on one night and promethazine 40 mg on one night, in a double-blind balanced order study. Sleep in the EEG laboratory was increased by nearly 1 h after either dose of promethazine, and sleep interruptions were reduced. Slow-wave sleep was unaffected, but the larger dose reduced the percentage of sleep spent as REM sleep. Sleep was improved subjectively by both doses of promethazine which appears to be an effective hypnotic.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Effects of paroxetine on human sleep.

In a first double-blind, balanced order study, 12 subjects, mean age 57 years, took placebos at bedtime on 2 nights, paroxetine 15 mg on 2 nights and paroxetine 30 mg on 2 nights. In a second study, 12 subjects, mean age 56 years, took placebos on 2 mornings and paroxetine 30 mg on 2 mornings. Electrophysiological measures of all-night sleep were made on each night subsequent to medication. Paroxetine caused more frequent awakenings, reduced total sleep and strongly suppressed REM sleep, especially the 30 mg dosage. When it had been taken in the morning, paroxetine additionally delayed sleep onset and increased slow-wave sleep.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

On serious violence during sleep-walking.

It is not sufficiently realised that sleep-walking is not an hysterical condition, nor in any way related to epilepsy, nor that it can be accompanied by violent injury to the self or others. Three case reports here include that of a 14-year-old boy who rose from his bed at 2 a.m. and severely stabbed his five-year-old girl cousin. The sleeping mind is not in touch with reality and amnesia for events during sleep is usual.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Hypnotic drugs for 1984.

It is still insufficiently recognised that hypnotics and anti-anxiety drugs are one and the same and that the regular intake of these drugs will be followed by withdrawal phenomena, including complaints of insomnia and anxiety. The long-acting, cumulative drugs like phenobarbitone or flurazepam cannot in reality be withdrawn abruptly owing to their persistence in the tissues, and so they do not cause sharp rebound phenomena, though they cause impaired skills and judgement by day. Very short life drugs, like triazolam, are followed by immediate and severe withdrawal insomnia in older people and their regular nighttime intake may cause regular daytime withdrawal symptoms of enhanced anxiety. A hypnotic with a half-life of about 10 hours may be the most sensible compromise to provide sleep by night without serious positive or negative daytime effects, though some eventual withdrawal features will be inevitable. The benzodiazepines lead to a degree of tolerance, but this is never complete and their positive effects are sustained over many months. Increased sleep duration has been assumed to be a necessary feature of an effective hypnotic. However, hypnotic drugs for the future might not lengthen sleep, but improve it's restorative value and the subjective satisfaction given to the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Effect of loprazolam and of triazolam on psychological functions.

Twelve poor sleepers of mean age 52 years performed 2 h of laboratory tests three times on 1 day during each week of nightly intake of loprazolam 0.5 mg, loprazolam 1 mg, triazolam 0.5 mg, or continued placebos. Only in the mornings did loprazolam 1 mg cause impairment in manual dexterity and card-sorting, and triazolam 0.5 mg in manual dexterity. Using difference from baseline, withdrawal of either drug after 3 weeks was associated with poorer subjective quality of sleep than following continuing placebos. The rate of spontaneous complaints (including accidents) associated with the drugs was as informative as formal testing.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Effects of loprazolam and of triazolam on sleep and overnight urinary cortisol.

Nine poor sleepers of mean age 61 years were studied while they took loprazolam 0.5 mg, loprazolam 1 mg and triazolam 0.5 mg for 3-week periods. Loprazolam 1 mg and triazolam 0.5 mg increased sleep duration, but there was some tolerance to both, particularly triazolam, by the 3rd week. Withdrawal of either drug led to sleep significantly shorter than baseline. This rebound effect was significant greater than withdrawing triazolam. After withdrawing loprazolam 1 mg, the rebound was maximal on the 3rd night and after withdrawing triazolam it was maximal and severe on the 1st night. In the third week of use neither drug was associated with late-night wakefulness. Total overnight urinary cortisol was lower during drug intake and there were significant withdrawal rebounds to above baseline levels, immediately so after triazolam.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Fitness facilitates sleep.

Eight army recruits were studied at the start, middle, and end of their initial 18-week training programme. At each point the subjects were studied for four consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory. Their sleep was characterized by the means of the recordings on the last two nights. Within 2 days of the sleep recordings (but never on the same day) each subject spent 2 non-consecutive days in the exercise laboratory. On the 1st day a maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) measurement was performed on a treadmill and on the 2nd day a 24-min progressive exercise bicycle ergometer test was carried out with simultaneous venous sampling (for lactic acid measurements) and oxygen consumption recordings from which the lactate turn point (LTP) was calculated. LTP was used as a measure of fitness. Approximately 1 week after the above measures lean muscle mass as calculated by total body potassium estimation was obtained for each subject. Slow wave sleep (SWS) as a percentage of total sleep time increased significantly between the start and the measurements at 9 and 18 weeks, being 21.9%, 29.9%, and 28.5% respectively. Anaerobic threshold increased significantly (P less than 0.05) over the first 9 weeks and continued to increase to the end of the training period (P less than 0.001) using VO2 when lactate level was 2 mmol/l as a percentage of VO2 max. With increase in fitness, sleep onset latency and wake time during sleep decreased and sleep efficiency improved. The results suggest that as fitness increases sleep quality improves.

Adolescent↗