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Biomedical subjects

I Orstavik

Publications and source records attributed to I Orstavik.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Legionnaires' disease combined with erythema multiforme in a 3-year-old boy.

A case of Legionnaires' disease (LD) is described in a 3-year-old boy. He had fulminant disease with typical signs like bilateral pneumonia, gastrointestinal symptoms, and somnolence indicating involvement of the central nervous system. There was no premorbidity. An outstanding development was erythema multiforme, which has never previously been described in LD. The basic disease was caused by Legionella pneumophila. This is evidenced by specific serum IgM at admission and a subsequent significant rise in titers against L. pneumophila. At an early stage respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was isolated from the patient's throat, although there was no antiviral serological response at the outset of erythema multiforme or 3 weeks after onset of disease; anti-RSV appeared later. The prolonged course of the disease can be explained by the successive occurrence of two infections. The possibility that the virus could have contributed to the development of erythema multiforme cannot be ruled out. The role of concomitant medication cannot be separated out, but on the basis of general knowledge of their immunogenicity and the fact that immunosuppressive cortisone was given at the time it is less likely that the antibiotics contributed significantly.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1981

Effect of fractions of Ethiopian And Norwegian colostrum on rotavirus and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.

Samples of colostrum from both Ethiopian and Norwegian women contained antirotavirus activities of immunoglobulin and non-immunoglobulin nature. No significant differences in rotavirus immunoglobulin A or in rotavirus-inhibiting activity were found between samples from the two countries. The non-immunoglobulin inhibitory activity was trypsin sensitive and heat stable (100 degrees C for 10 min). Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin antibodies were measured in the colostrum samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No E. coli enterotoxin-specific immunoglobulin A was detected, possibly due to the high background caused by the nonspecific adsorption of immunoglobulin A to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay plates in the absence of toxin. A total of 5 of 15 Ethiopian colostrum samples and 0 of 11 Norwegian colostrum samples neutralized the effect of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin on YI adrenal cells. Both the Ethiopian and the Norwegian colostrum samples contained a non-immunoglobulin enterotoxin-inhibitory activity when the toxin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This inhibitory activity was not trypsin sensitive, and extraction by chloroform-methanol indicated that the inhibitor was of a lipid nature.

Antitoxins↗
PubMed1981

Susceptibility of continuous lines of monkey kidney cells to influenza and parainfluenza viruses in the presence of trypsin.

LLC-MK2, GMK AH-1, BSC-1, and Vero cells were compared in titrations of recent isolates and laboratory strains of influenza A and B and parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3 viruses. About the same titres, as determined by haemadsorption in cell cultures, were obtained in LLC-MK2, GMK AH-1, and BSC-1 cells when trypsin had been added to the medium, whereas the Vero cells were less sensitive to the influenza virus strains tested. Virus titres were usually low in the absence of trypsin. A laboratory strain of parainfluenza 2 virus reached about the same titres in medium without as in medium with trypsin, possibly owing to prior adaptation by passages in Vero cells. Comparative titrations of influenza A, and parainfluenza 1 and 3 viruses suggested the same susceptibility of LLC-MK2 cells with trypsin as of primary monkey kidney cells. Re-isolation experiments from 38 clinical specimens showed LLC-MK2 cells to be as efficient as primary monkey kidney cells for isolation of influenza and parainfluenza viruses, whereas the susceptibility of the other cell lines to clinical material has not yet been tested on a larger scale. It is concluded that a continuous line of monkey kidney cell culture may be acceptable as an alternative to primary monkey kidney cells for the isolation of influenza and parainfluenza viruses from patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Respiratory syncytial virus infections in Oslo 1972--1978. I. Virological and epidemiological studies.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection was diagnosed in 464 children admitted to hospital with acute respiratory disease from autumn 1972 to spring 1978. The virological surveillance was approximately 70%. As a rule, RSV infections occurred in distinct outbreaks in late autumn and winter together with a marked increase in the number of children admitted to hospital with acute lower respiratory tract disease. The incidence in children less than 1 year of age was about 10/1000 children/year. Spread of the infection from one end of the city to the other was discernible in 2 outbreaks. More children than expected with siblings were admitted to hospital because of RSV infection, but no correlation could be observed with some other socioeconomic factors. A negative correlation was observed between RSV disease and mean air temperature and hours of sunshine per month. Rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis of RSV on cells from nasopharyngeal secretions was adopted and became comparable to cell culture technique. The rapid method has become an important adjunct to the clinical management of these patients and the method will form the basis for further epidemiological studies.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1980

Respiratory syncytial virus infections in Oslo 1972--1978. II. Clinical and laboratory studies.

Patient records from 422 children admitted to hospital during 6 winter outbreaks of RSV infection were examined retrospectively. Bronchiolitis (255 patients) and pneumonia (98 patients) were the most common diagnoses. Otitis media (76 patients) occurred as a complication to these conditions. Children at risk for contracting severe illness caused by RSV were infants below the age of one year, more often boys than girls. Of the children older than two years, 32% had already been diagnosed as asthmatics. Children with otitis media had more often positive bacteriological findings from nasopharyngeal swabs than children with bronchiolitis only. No such significant difference was found between patients with bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Rapid virus diagnosis by immunofluorescence led to a decreasing utilisation of antibiotics in patients with bronchiolitis and to a shorter stay in hospital. The value of antibiotics in these infections is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

The effect of human milk fractions on rotavirus in relation to the secretory IgA content.

Human milk from healthy Norwegian women was fractionated by ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel filtration. The protein content, lactoferrin and secretory IgA were measured. Specific antirotavirus IgA, detected by indirect immunofluorescence was found in one out of five milk samples before fractionation, while a more concentrated immunoglobulin fraction from the other four milk samples contained such IgA. Before fractionation, 3 of 5 milk samples neutralized human rota-virus infection of LLC-MK2 cells, whereas concentrated, IgA-rich fractions of all 5 milk samples neutralized human rotavirus. Some fractions without detectable IgA also neutralized human rotavirus. This suggests that human milk contains rotavirus specific IgA as well as rotavirus neutralizing activity of non-immunoglobulin nature.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1980

An epidemic of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis in a nursing home for the elderly.

92 cases of acute gastroenteritis were registered among 256 individuals during an outbreak in a nursing home for the elderly, the majority of patients being between 70 and 90 years of age. Most cases appeared in 4 of the 8 wards; 66% of the inmates of these wards became ill. Characteristic symptoms were initial nausea and vomiting followed by diarrhoea and low fever. A number of patients were severely ill. One patient died. Rotavirus infection was diagnosed by virus detection and/or antibody titre rise during the acute phase of the illness in 13 of 16 patients examined. At the end of the outbreak, high titres of complement-fixing antibodies against rotavirus (greater than or equal to 64) were detected in serum from 21/22 patients convalescing from the disease, as compared to only 5/45 individuals with no signs of disease. It is tentatively suggested that the outbreak became extensive and rather severe because of lowered immunity against rotavirus infection among the elderly.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Rotavirus infections in families. A clinical and virological study.

Among 25 family members of 8 children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis (8 siblings and 17 adults) gastroenteritis was recorded in 9 (5 siblings and 4 adults), and minor symptoms in 8 (2 siblings and 6 adults). A rotavirus infection was diagnosed in 7 of the family members with gastroenteritis and was probably the cause of the disease in the remaining 2 in this group. Four of the 8 family members with minor symptoms were infected with rotavirus, whereas no infection was detected among the 8 family members without symptoms. Serological findings sugggested that infants and young children underwent a primary infection with rotavirus, whereas older children and adults probably were reinfected. Adults as well as children with rotavirus infection excreted virus and may have served as sources of infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

The diagnostic value of determination of IgM antibodies against Mycoplasma pneumoniae by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test.

The indirect fluorescent antibody technique for specific IgM and IgG antibodies was applied to paired sera from 33 patients with a current M. pneumoniae infection, along with the complement fixation test. A roughly parallel increase in antibody titres in all the three tests was observed; the ratio of IgM/IgG titres was, however, higher in patients below 20 years of age than in older patients. Rises in antibody titres were regularly observed in spite of the fact that most of the patients were treated with tetracycline or erythromycin during the acute phase of the disease. Serum specimens from 15 other patients lacking clinical data of a recent M. pneumoniae infection, but with stationary complement fixation titres, all showed IgG antibodies with stationary titers and, with the exception of three patients, a negative IgM antibody test. Sera from 20 individuals lacking complement fixing antibodies were also without demonstrable IgG and IgM antibodies. Sampling of serum from 9 of the pneumonia patients was repeated. The last IgM positive sample was collected up to six months after onset of the disease and all were found to be negative in the IgM test 8 to 10 months after onset of the illness in these treated patients. The implications of these findings for the serological diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Virus-specific IgM antibodies in acute gastroenteritis due to a reovirus-like agent (rotavirus).

62 serum samples from 24 patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis were tested for IgM antibodies against a bovine rotavirus by an indirect fluorescent antibody technique. IgM antibodies were detected in one or more of the serum samples from all but one of the patients. IgM antibodies were not detected in samples obtained from 11 of the patients after the 5th week of illness. Absorption of sera for IgG with Staphylococcus aureus increased the sensitivity of the IgM antibody test. It is concluded that the presence of IgM antibodies against bovine rotavirus in a patient's serum, as measured by the present technique, does suggest a recent rotavirus infection. On the other hand, the lack of IgM antibodies in the serum of a child with acute gastroenteritis between the second and the 5th week of illness tends to exclude rotavirus as a cause of the disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis in two adults probably caused by virus reinfection.

Rotavirus infection was diagnosed by virus detection and by serological methods in 2 women with acute gastroenteritis, aged 22 and 29 years, respectively. Both patients had been in close contact with children with rotavirus gastroenteritis. Rotavirus-specific antibodies were detected in serum specimens obtained prior to the illness in one of the patients, and the serological response in both patients suggested a reinfection with rotavirus as cause of the disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

A reovirus-like agent (rotavirus) in gastroenteritis of children. Virus detection and serological studies.

A reovirus-like agent (rotavirus) was detected in 26 children (44%) when fecal specimens from 59 children with acute gastroenteritis were examined by electron microscopy. No rotavirus was detected in the feces of 49 children with other diseases. Sera from the acute and the convalescent phase from 40 children with acute gastroenteritis and from 18 other patients were examined for antibodies against a bovine rotavirus by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. 26 of the patients with gastroenteritis (65%) developed antibodies during their disease, whereas none of the other patients showed a rise in antibody titre. The specimens were submitted to the laboratory from hospitalized children during the period January 1973 through March 1975. Most of the cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis occurred during late autumn and early winter among children between 0.5 and 3 years of age. It is concluded that electron microscopy is a sensitive diagnostic technique during the acute phase of the disease, and that the serological test with bovine rotavirus antigen served as a useful diagnostic tool.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

Application of the passive haemolysis test for the determination of rubella virus antibodies.

A passive haemolysis test for the determination of antibodies against rubella virus haemagglutinin is presented. According to this method, the principle of radial immunodiffusion techinque is applied. Rubella haemagglutinin-coated chick erythrocytes in the agarose gel were lysed by the diffusing positive sera of complement at 37 degrees C. The passive haemolysis test was compared with the conventional haemagglutination inhibition method, and the diameter of the haemolysis zones was shown to be a direct measure of the quantity of antibody added to the well. A plot of the log (HI titre) against the zone diameter gives a straight line. There is no need to remove nonspecific haemagglutination inhibitors. However, all serum samples must be inactivated at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes before testing. Tests of 200 serum samples from healthy women showed a good correlation between the haemagglutination inhibition titre and the antibody titre determined by the passive haemolysis technique. Twenty-one samples with a haemagglutination inhibition titre less than 10 were also negative in the passive haemolysis test. With the exception of one, all sera with a positive haemagglutination inhibition titre showed a positive haemolysis reaction. The method was found to be as specific and as sensitive as the haemagglutination inhibition test. In addition, the technique is rapid and simple for quantitative studies of antibodies against rubella virus.

Animals↗