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Biomedical subjects

I Macdonald

Publications and source records attributed to I Macdonald.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Dietary carbohydrate and energy balance.

It seems to be well established that the thermogenic response to various di- and mono-saccharides is not identical, with the greatest immediate response seen after fructose per se or in sucrose. There is also tendency for weight loss to be greater on a diet with a high proportion of glucose than a comparable diet with sucrose, both in man and male rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Differences in dietary-induced thermogenesis following the ingestion of various carbohydrates.

When the metabolic rate and respiratory quotient are measured up to 180 min after ingesting various monosaccharides, disaccharides and mixtures of monosaccharides no difference between men and women was found. The increase in metabolic rate was greatest when fructose was ingested. The respiratory quotient was greater after fructose ingestion compared with the other carbohydrates. Galactose, when ingested alone, had a significantly higher respiratory quotient than when accompanied by glucose.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1983

The influence of glucose on serum galactose levels in man.

To investigate the effect of simultaneous glucose and galactose administration on serum galactose levels in man, volunteers were given a standard galactose meal of 0.5 g galactose/kg BW alone and with various body weight related glucose loads and with fructose; lactose was also given to a group of volunteers. Two groups of subjects received the standard galactose meal alone and with a simultaneous intravenous infusion of glucose or insulin. There was a marked individual variation in the serum galactose response to the standard galactose meal, the maximum galactosemia ranged from 0.23 to 4.56 mmole/L. Peroral glucose suppressed the serum galactose response to galactose producing significant reductions in the mean area under the serum galactose response curves. At a glucose intake of 0.15 g/kg by-32 +/- 14.3%, 0.50 g/kg BW -69 +/- 5.93% and at 0.75 g/kg BW -75 +/- 4.93%. Ingestion of glucose with galactose did not increase galactose loss in the urine. Lactose produced similar serum galactose, glucose and insulin responses to those seen after administration of equal quantities of galactose and glucose as monosaccharides. Fructose did not affect serum galactose levels when given with the standard galactose meal. Intravenous glucose produced a significant reduction of 56 +/- 14.1% in the mean area under the galactose response curve [p less than 0.01], whereas intravenous insulin did not affect the serum galactose response to peroral galactose.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Differences in dietary-induced thermogenesis with various carbohydrates in normal and overweight men.

The purpose of this investigation was to learn whether the thermogenic effect in man of sucrose and glucose was similar and whether normal weight and overweight subjects responded in a similar manner. Dietary-induced thermogenesis was calculated for the period 15 to 180 min after ingestion of sucrose or glucose in six normal weight and five obese subjects. The metabolic rate was calculated from the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output utilizing the ventilated hood technique. In normal weight subjects, the total dietary-induced thermogenesis was significantly greater after sucrose than after glucose (p less than 0.005) but the difference was much less marked in the obese subjects.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed1982

Different effects of various carbohydrates on the metabolic rate in rats.

Fasting adult male rats were given, by orogastric tube, sucrose, glucose, glucose with fructose and water, and the metabolic rate for the ensuing 150-180 min was measured. It was found that there was an increase in metabolic rate after all sugars, greatest after sucrose and least with glucose and with fructose. With the glucose:fructose mixture the metabolic rate was greater then glucose and less than an equimolar load of sucrose. The respiratory quotient after glucose was less than that after fructose, whereas with sucrose it was greater than an equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Metabolic effects produced in baboons associated with the ingestion of diets based on lactose hydrolysate.

Diets containing 80% by weight carbohydrate provided by lactose hydrolysate (prepared by two different techniques), sucrose or glucose were given to baboons for 10-week periods. Fasting blood samples were taken regularly and the serum was assayed for galactose, glucose, insulin, triglyceride and cholesterol. The body weight of the animals was recorded. During both lactose hydrolysate dietary periods the mean fasting serum galactose concentration increased whereas the fasting serum glucose level fell initially. The fasting serum glucose concentration rose with both the glucose and the sucrose diets. The fasting serum triglyceride concentration of the female baboons increased significantly during both periods of ingestion of lactose-hydrolysate-based diets whereas the glucose and sucrose diets did not produce a significant effect. The sucrose diet produced a consistent increase in the mean triglyceride level of the male baboons. The mean serum cholesterol fell in the male and female baboons during all four diets.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Use of labetalol in moderate to severe hypertension.

An open study was undertaken in 31 patients with moderate to severe hypertension to compare labetalol (a competitive antagonist of both alpha-adrenoreceptors and beta-adrenoreceptors) alone and in combination with a thiazide diuretic, with a combination of thiazide, beta-adrenergic blocking agent and the alpha-adrenoreceptor blocker prazosin. After introduction of labetalol, six patients withdrew because of intolerable side effects. All 25 remaining patients were controlled on diuretic and labetalol. On labetalol alone, 14 patients were controlled, two withdrew because of side effects and nine had inadequate blood pressure control. Labetalol is an effective antihypertensive agent, but side effects are common and it has few advantages over drugs presently available.

Benzothiadiazines↗
PubMed1979

Difficulties in the use of D-penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

The difficulties encountered in administering D-penicillamine to 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) over a six to 24 month period are recorded. Side-effects were frequent. Proteinuria occurred in 13 patients (33%) mainly in the fourth to the sixth month. Renal biopsies were performed in six patients and all showed light microscopy abnormalities. Electron microscopy performed in five patients revealed subepithelial deposits in all and in addition some had mesangial and subendothelial deposits. Seven patients (17.5%) developed eight episodes of thrombocytopaenia which was quickly reversed on cessation of treatment or reduction in dosage. On the positive side, there was significant improvement in most parameters of disease activity at six, 12 and 18 months compared to the pretreatment levels, but the results at two years were less impressive. Reduction in steroid dosage was considerable and was greater than half the mean pretreatment dose after two years but the absence of a control group makes the full significance of these uncertain. Patients on high and low dosage regimens were compared over a 12 month period of treatment. Although the differences were not statistically significant, withdrawals and side-effects were less frequent in the low dose group.

Adolescent↗