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Biomedical subjects

I Julkunen

Publications and source records attributed to I Julkunen.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Viral antibodies and interferon in acute psychiatric disorders.

In a prospective study of 54 patients with acute psychiatric disorders, interferon and antibodies in serum and CSF were measured to 19 microbes by the complement fixation (CF) test and to 7 viruses by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The CF test revealed a fourfold or greater change (p less than .001) in serum antibody titers in 20 patients, and EIA showed a twofold or greater change in CSF titers in 7 patients. Pathological serum/CSF antibody ratio by EIA was observed in 8 patients. The results suggest that viral infections and inflammatory processes have significance in the etiopathogenesis of acute psychiatric disorders.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Serum immune complexes and rheumatoid factors in superficial bladder tumours.

Serum immune complex (IC) and rheumatoid factor (RF) levels of 39 patients with a transitional cell tumour of the bladder were analyzed using 4 different IC and 2 RF assays. Elevated serum immune complex and rheumatoid factor levels were observed in the majority of the patients (95%). Conglutinin-binding (KgB), C1q-binding (C1qB), platelet iodinated protein A test (PIPA) and RF-enzyme immunoassay (RF-EIA) gave positive results in 31%, 62%, 23% and 31% of the cases, respectively and separated cancer sera from normal blood donors (p less than 0.001). Elevated titers were also observed with platelet aggregation test (PAT) and latex agglutination for RF in 23% and 67% of the cases, respectively. A negative correlation (p less than 0.01) was observed with the stage of the disease and RF-values. Other IC tests did not correlate significantly with stage, histological grade or progression of the disease. The best prognostic marker was the histological grade of the tumour. Males had more undifferentiated tumours than females. Multivariate analysis was carried out to correlate several laboratory parameters simultaneously with clinical variables and it revealed that elevated IC tests values (KgB, C1qB and PIPA) and low RF-values correlated to stage (p = 0.009) but not to histological grade or progressive course of the disease.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed1986

Rapid diagnosis of respiratory adenovirus infections in young adult men.

Rapid viral diagnosis was attempted in 106 military conscripts with pneumonia and in 101 military conscripts with other types of respiratory infections. Nasopharyngeal suction specimens (NPS) were assayed for viral antigens by immunofluorescence and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Sputum specimens from 97 pneumonia patients were assayed for viral antigens by EIA. Also, 71 NPS and 13 sputum specimens were examined for the presence of adenovirus DNA by a sandwich hybridization (HYB) method. The reference test was adenovirus isolation in cell culture from the NPS. Adenoviruses were isolated from 6 pneumonia patients and from 20 patients with other respiratory infections. Of these 26 NPS, rapid diagnosis was successful in 13, 16, and 14 cases by EIA, immunofluorescence, and HYB, respectively. Four antigen-positive specimens were found among the 181 specimens which were negative by virus isolation. Sputum was found to contain adenovirus antigen by EIA in 5 of 97 tested specimens. Of these 97 specimens, 13 were selectively tested in HYB, and a positive signal was observed in 4 cases. Serological testing of paired sera revealed 23 adenovirus infections in the pneumonia group and 42 in the group with other respiratory infections. Other viral infections were found only sporadically. All rapid virus detection methods showed excellent specificity but had a lower sensitivity (60%) than virus isolation. Our results show that rapid methods for diagnosing respiratory adenovirus infections can be successfully used in selected groups of adults.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1986

Immunoglobulin class-specific serological responses to adenovirus in respiratory infections of young adult men.

Complement fixation and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were used for measuring viral antibodies in 103 military conscripts with pneumonia and 98 conscripts with other respiratory infections. Diagnostic rises in antibody to adenovirus were found in 23 (22%) patients with pneumonia and in 42 (43%) patients with other respiratory infections. EIA detected more diagnostic rises than did complement fixation (22 versus 17 for pneumonia and 42 versus 40 in other infections). Adenovirus antibodies were analyzed for different immunoglobulin classes by EIA. Diagnostic rises in immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA isotypes were observed in 89 and 77% of the cases, respectively. IgM antibodies were positive in 39% of the cases. In five cases (8%), the demonstration of adenovirus antibodies of the IgM class was the only serological evidence for adenovirus infection. The present study demonstrates that the immunoglobulin class-specific EIA is a sensitive method for the diagnosis of respiratory adenovirus infections.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1986

Elevated serum immune complex levels in Pogosta disease, an acute alphavirus infection with rash and arthritis.

Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were studied in Pogosta disease, an acute alphavirus infection with fever, rash and arthritis. The disease is caused by a virus antigenically closely related to Sindbis virus. 75 serum specimens from 25 patients with serologically verified infection were obtained from 1-87 days after the onset. Six different CIC detection methods were used and CICs were observed in all patients at least with one test. Tests based on CIC binding onto human platelets followed the natural course of the disease and maximal values were observed between 10-15 days after onset. Slightly elevated levels were observed 2-3 months after onset. The mean conglutinin binding test values were slightly elevated during the whole follow-up period. The severity of arthritis did not directly correlate to CIC levels. C3c and C1q-binding test were positive only in a few cases. Latex and enzyme immunoassay tests for rheumatoid factors gave low positive values in some of the sera. Agarose gel electrophoresis of serum proteins revealed non-specific changes in alpha 1-alpha 2 interzone characteristic of an acute infectious disease. The presence of CIC in the sera of patients with Pogosta disease may indicate body's natural clearange mechanisms of viral antigens. CIC may have a pathogenic role in the prolonged arthritis, even though no direct correlation with CIC levels and severity of arthritis was observed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Enzyme immunoassay, complement fixation and hemagglutination inhibition tests in the diagnosis of influenza A and B virus infections. Purified hemagglutinin in subtype-specific diagnosis.

The efficacy of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in detecting diagnostic antibody rises to influenza A and B viruses was compared with complement fixation (CF) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests in 455 patients with an acute respiratory infection. EIA and HI detected significantly more diagnostic antibody rises against influenza A than the CF method (96 and 87 vs. 47, respectively). In the case of influenza B significantly more diagnostic influenza B antibody rises were observed by EIA than by CF or HI (59 vs. 37 and 40, respectively). In most of the cases antibody rises in EIA were found in both IgG and IgA isotypes whereas increases in IgM antibodies were seen less frequently. Purified hemagglutinins (HA) were prepared from influenza A HI- and H3-subtypes and from influenza B viruses and used as antigens in EIA and the results were compared with those of HI. Infections caused by influenza A HI-subtype showed good homologous antibody responses in EIA but heterologous antibody responses to H3-subtype and influenza B HAs were frequently observed. Heterologous responses were clearly less frequent in patients with infections caused by the H3-subtype. Influenza B infections occasionally raised HA antibodies against influenza A H1-subtype but not to the H3-subtype. Interestingly, HI detected these heterologous responses at least as frequently as EIA. When whole viruses were used as antigens in EIA, subtype specificity was not observed and cross-reactions between influenza A and B virus antibodies were found. These observations suggest that, although EIA can show greater diagnostic efficacy over HI and CF methods, HI is still the serological method of choice in determining the causative subtype of influenza A virus infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Chronic mumps virus encephalitis. Mumps antibody levels in cerebrospinal fluid.

To study the outcome of mumps virus encephalitis 47 patients were contacted 1-15 years after the acute encephalitis associated with mumps virus infection. Twenty-three patients experienced clinical sequelae such as difficulties in memory and learning, focal motor or sensory signs, and loss of hearing and visual acuity. Lumbar puncture was performed on 8 patients. Antibodies to mumps virus were detected in 6 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens using enzyme immunoassay and in 3 patients an abnormal serum/CSF antibody ratio was observed 11, 26 and 58 (controls greater than 85); 14.3, 1.4 and 6.1 years after the acute encephalitis, respectively. Antibodies to other microbes were either undetectable in the CSF or the serum/CSF ratios were normal. The clinical sequelae in about half of the patients and the signs of intrathecal mumps antibody production are suggestive of a chronic process in the central nervous system after encephalitis associated with mumps virus infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Proportions of Ig classes and subclasses in mumps antibodies.

Mumps antibodies of 34 human beings were studied, 12 patients with natural mumps infection, 15 subjects vaccinated with a live mumps vaccine, and seven subjects vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine. Small amounts of antibodies reacting with mumps antigen were found in the prevaccination sera. An immunization with either the live or the killed vaccine caused an increase in the mumps antibodies (range, from 1.1-fold to more than 50-fold; geometric mean, approximately sevenfold). IgG1 was the major isotype in all post-vaccination sera; the average share was 61%. Next came IgM (28%), followed by IgA (9%), and IgG3 (2% of total). The patient samples had 10 (acute phase) or 20 times (convalescent phase) more mumps antibodies than the prevaccination samples. IgG1 was the predominant isotype in the acute phase sera (average 42% of all antibodies). Next came IgM (41%) followed by IgA (13%), and IgG3 (4%). In convalescent sera IgG1 was also the predominant isotype (average 67%), followed by IgM (19%). The minor isotypes in the second samples were IgA (12%) and IgG3 (3%). Small amounts of IgG2 antibodies were found in 1 patient and 1 vaccine. IgG4 antibodies were not detected.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1985

Detection of rotavirus in faecal specimens by enzyme immunoassay, latex agglutination and electron microscopy.

Faecal specimens from 570 patients with gastroenteritis were studied for rotaviruses by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), electron microscopy (EM) and latex agglutination test (LX). Specimens from 127 patients were positive and 379 were negative with all 3 methods. 64 (11%) specimens gave contradictory results in the tests. EIA gave significantly more positive results than EM (168 vs 145). 30 EM-negative and EIA-positive specimens were positive in a confirmatory test. LX was positive in 161 specimens and no significant differences to EM or EIA were observed. There were 16 (2.8%) LX-positive samples that were negative both in EM and EIA. The positivity of these samples could not be confirmed and 15 of them were only slightly positive. Our results can be concluded: (1) Enzyme immunoassay may be more sensitive than electron microscopy but requires a confirmatory test and is tedious when only a few specimens per day are to be examined; (2) LX seems to be suitable for primary screening of faecal specimens for rotavirus; for definitely positive results the test is reliable.

Feces↗
PubMed1985

Immunoglobulin G subclass antibody responses in influenza A and parainfluenza type 1 virus infections.

Antibody responses in immunoglobulin G1, G2, G3, G4, A (IgA1) and M isotypes were studied in 10 patients with an acute influenza A and in another 10 patients with a parainfluenza type 1 virus infection using radioimmunoassay with standardized monoclonal anti-immunoglobulins. A four-fold or greater increase of antibody in patients have an acute influenza A virus infection, were found in IgG1 (all 10 cases), IgG3 (seven cases), IgG4 (eight cases) and in IgA1 (six cases) whereas IgG2 and IgM responses were observed only in one and three cases, respectively. The antibody titre values were converted to immunoglobulin units by multiplying the titre by a pre-determined correction coefficient compensating for the varying affinity of the individual monoclonal anti-immunoglobulins. These units were then used to calculate the actual proportions of each isotype. In the convalescent phase, 78% of total anti-influenza A antibodies were estimated to be of IgG1 isotype and other immunoglobulin isotypes varied from 3 to 7% of total. Similar results in parainfluenza virus antibodies were obtained with serum pairs from patients with an acute parainfluenza virus infection.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1984

Localization of viral-envelope-glycoprotein-binding sites in fibronectin.

Purified viral-envelope glycoproteins from influenza A virus were found to bind to two fragments of the fibronectin molecule. Human plasma fibronectin was digested by leucocyte cathepsin G, and three different fragments, of Mr 30000, 40000 and 12000-140000, with specific binding functions were isolated. Micelles of radiolabelled influenza A glycoprotein were allowed to bind to these fragments immobilized on polystyrene micro-titre wells. The C-terminal 120000-14000-Mr fragments that carry the cell-binding activity bound viral proteins most efficiently, whereas the 40000-Mr gelatin-binding fragment bound considerably less. The N-terminal 30000-Mr Staphylococcus aureus-binding fragment was negative in the assays. Laminin, a basement-membrane protein, also bound viral proteins, though less effectively than fibronectin. The binding was abolished if laminin or fibronectin fragments were pretreated with neuraminidase. This suggests that the sialic acids in the sugar moieties of these glycoproteins are involved in the binding. The affinity of viral-envelope glycoproteins for certain domains of fibronectin and for laminin may play a role in virus-cell interactions.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1984

Serological diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infections by enzyme immunoassay with special emphasis on purity of viral antigens.

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for parainfluenza virus type 1, 2, and 3 antibodies was compared with the complement fixation test (CF) as a diagnostic method in 180 patients with respiratory symptoms. The CF test detected rises in parainfluenza virus antibodies in 30 cases, whereas EIA detected 47 rises. Patients with antibody rises in parainfluenza or mumps virus antibodies were studied for cross-reactions by CF, hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), and EIA using purified viral envelope glycoprotein and nucleocapsid preparations. All methods showed marked cross-reactivity between parainfluenza virus type 1 and 3 antibodies. Mumps virus infection often raised heterologous antibodies even against purified viral antigens. Rabbit antisera produced against viral envelope glycoproteins showed heterologous antibody responses between parainfluenza 1 and 3 antibodies and between parainfluenza 1 and mumps antibodies by HAI, EIA, and immunoprecipitation. The cross-reactive antibodies were usually directed against both of the envelope glycoproteins, HN and F proteins, of the viruses.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1984

Antibody responses to mumps virus proteins in natural mumps infection and after vaccination with live and inactivated mumps virus vaccines.

Paired sera from 20 patients with acute mumps infection, 16 from persons vaccinated with live attenuated mumps virus vaccine, and 12 from persons vaccinated with formalin-inactivated virus vaccine were studied for mumps antibodies by single radial hemolysis (SRH), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and by enzyme immunoassays (EIA) specific for whole virus, envelope glycoprotein, and nucleocapsid antibodies. Mumps patients had diagnostic rises in serum mumps antibodies in 90-100% of the cases depending on the method of assay. Vaccination resulted in seroconversion in 75-88% (live vaccine) and in 92% (inactivated vaccine) of the cases as detected by SRH or EIAs, whereas HI detected seroconversion only in 38% and 58% of the cases, respectively. Immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that all sera from mumps patients and nearly all postvaccination sera had antibodies against the main structural proteins of mumps virus. By immunoblotting, antibodies against denatured hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion protein (F) were detected in 15-25% of mumps patients and persons vaccinated with live vaccine, whereas most postvaccination sera from those vaccinated with inactivated vaccine had HN (92%) and F (83%) protein antibodies, suggesting that antibodies against the denatured form of proteins are formed.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1984

Serological diagnosis of influenza A and B infections by enzyme immunoassay. Comparison with the complement fixation test.

Paired sera from 784 patients with symptoms of acute respiratory disease were examined for antibodies against influenza A, B and parainfluenza (1 and 3) viruses by complement fixation (CF) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The internal variation of the EIA test results was low and an increase of 0.250 in absorbance values which corresponded to a two-fold increase in end-point titres was considered a diagnostic antibody rise. EIA detected significantly more diagnostic rises than the CF test in the case of influenza A (222 vs. 162, P less than 0.001) and parainfluenza virus antibodies (29 vs. 16, P less than 0.01). More diagnostic rises in influenza B antibodies were also observed by EIA compared to the CF test (104 vs. 99, not significant). There were only two patients who showed a diagnostic rise in CF antibodies (both influenza B) but not in EIA. Most often patients with a diagnostic antibody rise only by the EIA method had a two-fold rise in the respective CF antibodies (68% of cases). EIA was found to be a sensitive and reliable method for the serological diagnosis of influenza A, B and parainfluenza infections.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1984

Circulating immune complexes in Yersinia infection.

The occurrence of circulating immune complexes (CIC) was studied in 9 patients with Yersinia arthritis and 7 with Yersinia enteritis (YE) without extraintestinal symptoms by the platelet-iodinated protein A (PIPA) technique and by a solid phase Clq-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CIC were detected by both techniques in all the patients with Yersinia arthritis during the acute disease and in 3 of them after recovery. CIC were also found in 5 of the 7 patients with uncomplicated YE, suggesting that CIC were associated with YE irrespective of the development of arthritis.

Adolescent↗