Biomedical subjects

I Johansson

Publications and source records attributed to I Johansson.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Impact of medical and life-style factors on number of teeth in 68-year-old men in southern Sweden.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of general health and life-style factors on the number of remaining teeth in 68-year-old men living in the city of Malmö, Sweden. The study included 483 men (participation rate, 78%). Poor self-assessed health, frequent medical attendance, diabetes, and oral dryness were related to fewer remaining teeth. Number of teeth was negatively correlated to concentrations of triglycerides and alkaline phosphatases in serum and to glucose in blood but positively correlated to serum urea. Various dietary variables including consumption of sucrose-containing products and nutritional quality were not related either to number of teeth or to prevalence of edentulousness. Smoking and high consumption of coffee or alcohol were associated with fewer remaining teeth. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that social class, frequency of dental attendance, smoking, and serum concentrations of triglycerides and urea had an independent effect on number of teeth.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Life-style survey of patients with oral lichenoid reactions.

The occurrence of different life-style patterns, including marital status, educational level, nutrition, tobacco and alcohol use, and frequency of physical activity, in patients with oral lichenoid reactions (OLR) in total or partial contact with amalgam fillings was examined. When compared with an age- and sex-matched control group, the daily intake of carbohydrates, fibers, and iron was statistically significantly higher in the OLR patients. Regarding marital status, there was a statistically significant difference between the OLR patients and the control subjects, the former group containing more people who were divorced or whose spouse had died. The frequency of physical activity was also statistically significantly higher in the OLR patients than in the control group. Hypothetical mechanisms that may lie behind the results obtained are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Frequent distribution of ultrarapid metabolizers of debrisoquine in an ethiopian population carrying duplicated and multiduplicated functional CYP2D6 alleles.

The debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6) catalyzes the oxidative metabolism of more than 40 different clinically important drugs. The CYP2D6 gene is highly polymorphic. Defect alleles, causing the poor metabolizer phenotype, and also alleles with duplicated or multiduplicated active genes, causing ultrarapid metabolism, have been described. In the current investigation, we have evaluated the CYP2D6 phenotype (n = 115) and genotype (n = 122) among healthy Ethiopians. Only two subjects (1.8%) exhibited metabolic reaction (MR) for debrisoquine > 12.6 and were classified as poor metabolizers. A mutation in exon 1 causing a 34Pro --> Ser amino acid exchange, typical of the Chinese CYP2D6*10B (Ch1) allele and yielding an unstable enzyme, was present among 16% of the population and the carriers exhibited a high MR (0.9-5.0). Increased MR was also found among 18% of the subjects with a 107Thr --> Ile mutation associated to the CYP2D6*17(Z) allele causing diminished activity of CYP2D6 in vivo. Interestingly, 29% of the population investigated carried alleles with duplicated or multiduplicated CYP2D6 genes, indicative of ultrarapid metabolism. Xbal and EcoRI RFLP analyses identified individuals having new alleles with four or five CYP2D6*2(L) genes. Subjects with duplicated or multiduplicated CYP2D6*2 genes exhibited the lowest MR. These results suggest that the Ethiopian population, in comparison to Caucasian, Oriental and other Black populations, is genetically different with respect to the constitution of the CYP2D locus. The results also show that subjects carrying duplicated or multiduplicated active CYP2D6 genes are very common in certain ethnic groups, implicating this issue of potential global importance.

Alleles↗

PubMed1995

Function of the rat salivary glands after exposure to inorganic mercury.

In spite of many studies on the toxicity of mercury, very little is known about the effects of mercury on the function of exocrine glands. In the present paper selected functions of Sprague-Dawley rat salivary glands were studied after the exposure of the animals to inorganic mercury at two different doses; 3.25 mg/kg body weight given during 25 days and 7.0 mg/kg body weight given during 27 days. The function of the salivary glands was estimated by saliva secretion rate, secretion of electrolytes, proteins and biosynthesis of glycoproteins. The function was compared between mercury exposed rats and age and sex matched control rats that were given injections with equal volumes of 0.154 mol/l NaCl on the same time schedule. In the present study we report that no significant effect on saliva secretion rate, concentrations of salivary constituents or biosynthesis of glycoproteins in the salivary glands could be observed in rats as a result of mercury exposure at two levels that gave 30 or 60 times higher serum mercury concentrations than in the majority of the Swedish population.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV-I/II and Treponema pallidum infections: incidence, prevalence, and HIV-2-associated mortality in an occupational cohort in Guinea-Bissau.

The prevalence and incidence of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2), human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I/II), and syphilitic infections and the association between these infections were determined in a cohort of police officers in Guinea-Bissau. Between January 1990 and December 1992, 1,384 subjects (1,241 men and 143 women) were included in the study; and of the first 879 tested, 561 were tested at least for a second time. The overall seroprevalence of HIV-1 was 0.4%, of HIV-2 11.6%, and of HTLV I/II 4.4%. Three individuals (0.2%) were seropositive for both HIV-1 and HIV-2. Women had a significantly higher prevalence of HIV-2 infection than men (16.8% and 11.0%, respectively, p < 0.05). Serologic evidence of previous syphilis was present in 12.1% and was significantly more common in men (12.7%) than in women (7.0%) (p < 0.05). There was a significant association between the prevalence of HIV-2 and HTLV-I/II infection (p < 0.05). The annual incidence of HIV-1 was 0.7%, of HIV-2 1.6%, of HTLV I/II 0.4%, and of syphilis 1.7%. There was no association between the incidence of the various infections. The death rate (per 100 person-years) was significantly higher among HIV-2-infected individuals (2.7%) than among HIV-negative individuals (0.5%) (relative risk = 5.1; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-12.2; p < 0.001). HIV-related symptoms were more frequent among the HIV-2-positive individuals who died compared with the seronegative individuals who died (p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Inhibitory effects of antiparasitic drugs on cytochrome P450 2D6.

The interaction of antiparasitic drugs with the polymorphic cytochrome P450 2D6 was studied in human liver microsomes. Of ten different drugs tested, three quinolines, oxamniquine, primaquine and chloroquine inhibited microsomal CYP2D6-catalysed formation of 1'hydroxybufuralol at concentrations that might have clinical consequences in drug use. These drugs inhibited competitively bufuralol metabolism with Ki values of 22, 23 and 15 microM, respectively, indicative of high affinity for the CYP2D6-active site. The results imply that oxamniquine, primaquine and chloroquine could be substrates of cytochrome P4502 D6 or that they are potent non-substrate inhibitors of the enzyme similar to quinidine. In either case, the inhibition of CYP2D6 by these agents could lead to interference with in vivo population-phenotyping procedures in the tropical regions where treatment with the drugs is common.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1995

The effects of long-term treatment with salmeterol and salbutamol on the flow rate and composition of whole saliva in the rat.

The effect of long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists on salivary glands and saliva secretion has not been studied before. Sprague-Dawley rats were given either the long-acting beta 2-agonist salmeterol, 1 mg/kg body wt per day or the short-acting agonist salbutamol, 5 mg/kg per day. Saline solution was used as control. After 18 days pilocarpine-stimulated saliva was collected, and after 21 days saliva was collected after stimulation with isoproterol and pilocarpine in combination. The saliva was analysed for total protein, amylase, hexosamine, sialic acid, sodium, potassium and calcium. At day 25 the salivary glands were extirpated and weighed. The weight of the parotid glands increased significantly after both salmeterol and salbutamol treatment, approx. 40%; the submandibular gland weights were not affected by either beta 2-agonist treatment. Pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate was increased in the salbutamol, but not in the salmeterol, group. In the salmeterol group the concentration of sialic acid was increased and that of calcium was decreased. In saliva stimulated with pilocarpine and isoproterenol in combination, the concentrations of total protein, amylase and calcium were decreased after salmeterol. In the salbutamol group, total protein and potassium were decreased. The ratio sialic acid: total protein was increased at both saliva collections in both beta 2-agonist groups. It is concluded that rats treated chronically with the long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist salmeterol have an impaired secretion of salivary proteins and calcium and that the effect resembles that of salbutamol.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗

PubMed1995

Phenotyping and genotyping of S-mephenytoin hydroxylase (cytochrome P450 2C19) in a Shona population of Zimbabwe.

The S-mephenytoin hydroxylase has recently been identified as cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19). This enzyme metabolizes mephenytoin, diazepam, omeprazole, and citalopram and has been shown to be polymorphically distributed. One clinical implication of CYP2C19-dependent drug metabolism for persons who reside in tropical regions is in the use of the antimalarial drug chloroguanide hydrochloride, which is apparently biotransformed to its active metabolite by this isozyme. In this investigation we studied mephenytoin metabolism in 103 black Zimbabwean Shona subjects. Four were identified as poor metabolizers (4%). This prevalence is comparable to that in white subjects (2% to 5%) but lower than the 15% to 20% incidence of poor metabolizers among Oriental subjects. Of the subjects phenotyped, 84 were genotyped for the G-->A mutation in exon 5 of CYP2C19, which creates a cryptic splice site, causing the production of a nonfunctional protein. Three of the four poor metabolizers were homozygous for this mutation, whereas the fourth one was heterozygous. The G-->A mutation has been shown to predict the incidence more than 60% of poor metabolizers among white subjects and Japanese subjects, and in the current investigation we also obtained a similar relationship in the black population.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Differentiation and survival influences of growth factors in human neuroblastoma.

Human neuroblastoma cell lines are established from high-stage, highly malignant tumours. Despite this and the fact that these tumours are arrested at an early, immature stage, many cell lines have the capacity to undergo neuronal differentiation under proper growth conditions. One such cell line is the noradrenergic SH-SY5Y cell line. These cells can be induced to mature by a variety of modalities, resulting in different mature phenotypes. The use of this cell system as a model to study the stem cell character of neuroblastoma is reviewed and discussed. In particular, we focus on growth factor dependencies in the SH-SY5Y system, and compare that to the normal situation, i.e. growth factor control of sympathetic neuronal and neuroendocrine differentiation during human and rat embryogenesis.

Cell Differentiation↗

PubMed1995

Can alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation reduce adverse radiation effects on salivary glands?

In this study, we evaluated whether supplementation with antioxidant vitamins can reduce the adverse effects of irradiation on the salivary glands in the rat. Four groups of adult Sprague-Dawley rats were given a basic diet providing 0.6 mg alpha-tocopherol and no beta-carotene per day. In two groups the basic diet was supplemented with 3.4 mg alpha-tocopherol and 6 mg beta-carotene per day from 14 days before irradiation until 12 days after completed irradiation. One group of rats given basic diet and one group given supplemented diet were irradiated with 7 Gy daily for five consecutive days. Isoproterenol and pilocarpine-stimulated whole saliva was collected from all rats 2, 4 and 26 weeks after irradiation. Vitamin-supplemented irradiated rats had higher secretion rates on all three occasions compared with those of irradiated rats given basic diet. The changes in saliva composition seen in irradiated rats were less accentuated in vitamin-supplemented, irradiated rats. The proportions of acinar cells were significantly decreased both in parotid and submandibular glands 26 weeks after irradiation. Supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene did not alter the morphology of the glands.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Dietary intake in head and neck irradiated patients with permanent dry mouth symptoms.

Radiotherapy of the head and neck region, which includes the major and minor salivary glands in the radiation field, usually leads to temporary or permanent xerostomia. This may affect eating and increase the risk of inadequate intake of energy and nutrients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of radiotherapy-induced xerostomia on energy and nutrient intake in individuals treated for malignancies in the head and neck region. The dietary intake of 24 patients with a low chewing stimulated whole saliva flow rate (< 0.5 ml/min) and in age and sex matched controls with normal flow rate (> 1.0 ml/min) was recorded for 7 days. The average daily energy intake was nearly 300 kcal lower in the irradiated patients with dry mouth symptoms than in the control group. The mean intake in the former group was 1925 kcal per day whereas the control group had an intake of 2219 kcal per day. Irradiated patients with dry mouth symptoms had significantly lower mean intakes of vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin B6, folacine, iron and zinc than those in the control group. There was also a lower intake of vitamin C, but this was not statistically significant. The intake of vitamins A and C exceeded or reached the levels recommended in the Swedish Nutritional recommendations, but the average intakes of fibre, iron, beta-carotene, vitamin E, zinc, selenium, and iron did not reach recommended levels, in neither the experimental nor the control group. There was a slight positive correlation between energy intake and saliva secretion rate in the control group, but the energy intake was totally independent of variations in secretion rate in the irradiated patients with low secretion rate.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Breast self-examination among Swedish women: a survey of frequency, knowledge, and attitudes.

Breast cancer is a common cause of death among women. The aim of this study was to determine whether women carry out regular breast self-examination (BSE), and to describe their knowledge of, and attitudes towards, breast cancer. Questionnaires were mailed to 200 randomly selected women who had not undergone breast cancer surgery. The response rate was 81%. The respondents were divided in three groups: those who practiced BSE regularly, those who practiced BSE occasionally, and those who did not practice BSE. The results show that only 10% of the sample practice BSE. Neither age, educational background, nor occupation, nor having knowledge of breast disease and medical outcome was associated with BSE practice. Nor did having a close relative or friend with breast cancer affect the practice of BSE.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Genetic analysis of the CYP2D locus in relation to debrisoquine hydroxylation capacity in Korean, Japanese and Chinese subjects.

The CYP2D6 genotype and the debrisoquine and mephenytoin hydroxylation phenotypes were studied in 63 Oriental subjects including 21 Chinese, 21 Japanese and 21 Koreans. All subjects were extensive metabolizers of debrisoquine. The incidence of the S-mephenytoin poor metabolizer phenotype was 14% in the Chinese, 24% in the Japanese and 24% in the Korean population, respectively, which is similar to previous reports. The CYP2D6 genotype was analysed by Xba I and Eco RI RFLP, and by allele-specific PCR analysis for the presence of several allelic variants of the CYP2D locus. No CYP2D6A or CYP2D6B alleles, two of the most common defect alleles among Caucasians, were found among the Oriental subjects. The frequency of the CYP2D6D allele was similar to that in Caucasian populations and consistent with the low incidence of the poor metabolizer phenotype in all three Oriental populations. The CYP2D6L2-allele with duplication of an active CYP2D6L gene was identified in one Korean and one Chinese allele in association with high CYP2D6 activity. The CYP2D6Ch alleles CYP2D6Ch1 and Ch2, identified by RFLP and PCR for the -1338C-->T and 188C-->T mutations, were the most frequent allelic variants in all three populations studied, and were related to a decreased CYP2D6 activity as previously shown in Chinese. In conclusion, the present pilot study revealed major similarities in the polymorphic CYP2D locus between Korean, Japanese and Chinese populations.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of ethylmorphine after a single oral dose.

1. The pharmacokinetics of ethylmorphine after administration of a single dose of the cough mixture Cosylan were investigated in 10 healthy subjects. 2. The median urinary recovery of ethylmorphine and measured metabolites was 77% over 48 h. The median tmax of unchanged ethylmorphine was 45 min, and the terminal elimination t1/2 was 2 h. Ethylmorphine-6-glucuronide was found to be the major metabolite. 3. Two subjects had significantly lower urinary recovery (0.48 h) of morphine and morphine-glucuronides than the remainder. Furthermore, these two had urinary metabolic ratios (MRO) and partial metabolic clearances (CLmO) for O-deethylation of ethylmorphine tentatively classifying them phenotypically as poor metabolisers of the debrisoquine/sparteine type. 4. Genotyping for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 alleles revealed five homozygote (wt/wt) and five heterozygote subjects. Two subjects phenotypically classified as poor metabolisers were genotypically CYP2D6A/wt and CYP2D6D/wt, respectively. 5. Serum and urine samples taken more than 8 and 24 h after administration of ethyl-morphine respectively, contained morphine and morphine-glucuronides, but no ethylmorphine, ethylmorphine-6-glucuronide or (serum only) norethylmorphine. Norethylmorphine could be detected after hydrolysis of urine samples in all subjects. The urinary recovery of the active metabolites morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide after administration of ethylmorphine varied by a factor of 9 between individuals. 6. The wide variation in recovery of morphine and morphine-glucuronides after oral administration of ethylmorphine could not be explained simply by a difference in CYP2D6 genotype. Constitutional variation in other enzymatic pathways involved in ethylmorphine metabolism is probably crucial. Ratios of morphine to parent drug cannot be used to distinguish the source of morphine after administration of ethylmorphine. Norethylmorphine should be included in urine assays for opiates in forensic toxicology, and no firm conclusions about the source of morphine are possible based on serum samples obtained more than 24 h after drug administration.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Sense of coherence among elderly somatic patients: predictive power regarding future needs of care.

The main aim was to study the predictive power of sense of coherence regarding future needs of care among elderly patients evaluated as medically ready for discharge from somatic emergency care. A secondary aim was to study the consistency of sense of coherence over time among patients with this kind of experience. The sample consisted of 53 Swedish patients (mean age 82.8 years, SD = 6.6 years) who had completed their medical treatment at surgical or orthopaedic departments. The predominant diagnosis was lower limb fractures. Sense of coherence was assessed twice, on the day the patient was evaluated as medically ready for discharge and 1 month later. On the second assessment occasion, 28 patients had returned to their homes, 17 were staying at institutions, and eight had died. Patients who returned to their homes reported the strongest sense of coherence while still in hospital. Patients who were staying at institutions scored lowest on the overall sense of coherence scale and on the comprehensibility subscale. Patients who died before the second measurement occasion scored lowest on the meaningfulness subscale. A correlation of 0.51 was noted between the two assessments of sense of coherence, indicating a moderate temporal consistency.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Effect of saliva composition on growth of Candida albicans and Torulopsis glabrata.

Candida albicans and Torulopsis glabrata are the most prevalent yeasts in humans. The majority harbor C. albicans in the oral cavity, but only a few develop oral candidiasis. We have sought a possible relationship between indigenous salivary constituents, including antimicrobial and nutritive factors, and the growth rate and/or viability of inoculated fungi in glucose-supplemented sterilized saliva. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 30 healthy donors. Saliva samples were sterilized, supplemented with glucose and inoculated with C. albicans or T glabrata. After incubation of the inoculates for 20 h, the number of viable cells were counted. All saliva samples were analyzed for different indigenous salivary components and Candida before as well as after sterilization. Besides a 4% reduction in calcium (Ca2+) and thiocyanate (SCN-) concentrations, sterilization did not affect the concentrations of saliva electrolytes, but the proteins were significantly reduced (19-85%). Indigenous candidal carriage (n=19) correlated with neither the growth of inoculated fungi nor any of the analyzed components in saliva. The growth of C. albicans and T. glabrata was similar at pH 5 but, at pH 6, C. albicans had a remarkably slower growth rate than T. glabrata. Statistical analysis showed that the 5-h growth of C. albicans at pH 5 was associated with water and electrolyte secretion, whereas the growth after 20 h was associated with variations in protein-glycoprotein content. The growth of T. glabrata was not related to variations in the salivary variables analyzed.

Candida↗

PubMed1995

Relationship between dental caries and risk factors for atherosclerosis in Swedish adolescents?

In an earlier study on a selected group of adolescents with high caries prevalence we found dietary habits that resembled those considered to promote the development of atherosclerosis. In the present study we have compared DMF-score with factors traditionally associated with the risk for development cardiovascular diseases (CVD). All 15-yr-olds living in an urban community in Northern Sweden 1987-1989 were included. Medical variables related to the risk of developing CVD were evaluated in groups of adolescents with various levels of manifest caries expressed as decayed and filled surfaces (DFS). The proportion of individuals with no medical risk factor at an unfavorable level was significantly higher in a caries free than in a high-caries (DFS > or = 9) group. Adolescents with two or more medical factors reaching unfavorable levels had a significantly higher caries score than the group with no factor at unfavorable level. A significant positive correlation was found for the whole group between DFS-score and relative body weight (body mass index) in an univariate correlation test as well as multiple linear regression analysis. The hypothesis that high caries score can be an indicator for unfavorable levels of traditional risk factors for CVD is not contradicted by the results in the present study but supported by the observed covariation with BMI. We therefore suggest that dietary counseling to adolescents with a high caries score in combination with a moderate obesity can be of advantage in reducing the caries risk as well as the risk for development of CVD at higher ages.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Newer saliva collection methods and saliva composition: a study of two Salivette kits.

UNLABELLED: Saliva is frequently used as a diagnostic fluid and several collection devices have been developed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the validity and reliability of two types of Salivette collection kits (non-covered cotton roll and polypropylene covered polyether roll) relative to conventional collection of saliva using paraffin wax chewing stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Whole saliva samples were collected from 16 healthy volunteers. Following a cross-over design saliva was collected in a standardized way. The flow rate was determined and saliva samples were analyzed for pH, buffer capacity, electrolytes and protein/glycoprotein content. RESULTS: We find that Salivette methods do not allow evaluation of flow rate. pH was unaffected but buffer capacity was lower in Salivette collected than in paraffin wax-stimulated saliva. The non-covered cotton rolls reduced the content of Na+, K+, Cl-, as well as glycoprotein markers (hexosamines, fucose, sialic acid), lysozyme, lactoferrin, salivary- and myeloperoxidase but increased the concentrations of Ca2+, PO4(3)- and SCN-. Polypropylene covered polyether rolls affected saliva composition less than the non-covered cotton rolls. Thus, SCN- and sIgA concentrations were higher and lysozyme activity lower in the former (covered roll) saliva than in paraffin wax saliva. The reliability of the Salivette kits was good. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the Salivette method generates data significantly different from conventional paraffin wax-stimulated saliva such as buffer capacity and several electrolytes and organic components. Care should be taken in interpreting the results when such methods are employed.

Adult↗