Immunodiagnosis of ovarian tumors.
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Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Biomedical subjects
I Jacobs
Publications and source records attributed to I Jacobs.
Motion sickness susceptibility and aerobic fitness: a longitudinal study.
A longitudinal study evaluated the susceptibility to motion sickness in initially unfit subjects before and after an endurance training program. Motion stimulation was provided by the Precision Angular Mover, in which the subject was tumbled head over heels about an Earth-horizontal axis at 20 cycles per minute in darkness. Maximal aerobic power and the blood lactate response to submaximal exercise were evaluated with cycle ergometry. The training program caused significant improvements in VO2max and endurance capacity, and a significant decrease in percent body fat. There was a significant (p less than 0.0125) increase in motion sickness susceptibility after the physical training, suggesting that increased physical fitness caused increased susceptibility to motion sickness in some individuals.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Comparison of two regimens of concurrent strength and endurance training.
To compare the responses to doing strength (S) training on alternate days with endurance (E) training vs doing both types of training on the same days per week, seven young men (group A-2 d) did S and E training together in single sessions 2 d.wk-1 for 20 wk. A second group (B-4 d, N = 8) did the S training on 2 d.wk-1 and E training on 2 other d.wk-1. S training was six to eight sets of 15-20 RM on a leg press weight machine. E training was six to eight 3-min bouts of cycle ergometer exercise at 90-100% VO2max. B-4 d (25%) increased leg press 1 RM more (P less than 0.05) than A-2 d (13%), but the groups increased similarly (A-2 d, B-4 d) in knee extensor (31%, 34%) and flexor (12%, 14%) cross-sectional area and vastus lateralis mean fiber area (33%, 25%). Increases in VO2max (7%, 6%), repetitions with 80% 1 RM (39%, 64%), repetitions with the pre-training 1 RM (33, 55), and PFK (19%, 10%) and LDH (15%, 23%) activity did not differ (P greater than 0.05) between groups. CS activity increased significantly only in A-2 d (26%; B-4 d, 6%). It is concluded that same day (vs different day) concurrent strength and endurance training may impede strength development without impeding hypertrophy. On the other hand, same day training may enhance increases in CS activity but not VO2max or weight lifting endurance.
Citrate (si)-Synthase↗
Muscle fibre area, fibre type & capillarization in male and female body builders.
The effects of long-term strength training on skeletal muscle fibre characteristics were evaluated in nine body builders (BB) (five males and four females) and ten control subjects (six females and four males). Muscle fibre area, percentage fibre type, and capillary supply were compared between the BB and controls as well as between the males and females with a two-way analysis of variance design. For the fast-twitch fibre area (FTa), the BB had larger areas than the controls, and males had larger areas than females. The analysis for the slow-twitch fibre areas (STa) showed only a training effect; BB had a larger STa than controls. The FTa in the untrained females and the female BB were similar to their STa; in contrast, both male groups had significantly larger FTa than STa. The BB had significantly more capillaries per fibre than the control groups but the number of capillaries/mm2 were similar in all groups. The results suggest that prolonged training in the female BB hypertrophies both the FT and ST fibres. The female BB realized the same increase in capillary per fibre ratio (#cap/f) as the male BB. However, the larger area of the FT fibres compared to the ST fibre seen in both male groups was not observed in either female group.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Effects of the 1989 heart week campaign.
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Emergencies↗
[Graduates from Intermediate Program for Health Personnel--Nursing can be inserted! 2 competence levels within district nursing].
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Clinical Competence↗
Rates of energy substrates utilization during human cold exposure.
Although it is well established in animals that acute cold exposure markedly increases the oxidation of energy substrates, the absolute quality and quantity of substrate oxidation is poorly understood in humans. This study compared the rates of substrate utilization in seven healthy young men exposed to both the warm (control exposure at 29 degrees C; semi-nude, 14 h fasted) and to the cold for 2 h (10 degrees C, 1 m.s-1 wind velocity). Substrate utilization was calculated using indirect calorimetry and the nonprotein respiratory exchange ratio, which was derived from the urinary urea nitrogen output. Cold exposure induced a 3.1 +/- 0.2 degrees C drop in mean body temperature and a body heat debt of 825.9 +/- 63.3 kJ (p less than 0.01). These parameters remained essentially unchanged in the warm. Cold exposure elevated the 2 h energy expenditure 2.46-fold in comparison to the warm (p less than 0.01). This cold-induced thermogenesis was accompanied by increases of 588% in carbohydrate oxidation (p less than 0.01) and 63% in fat oxidation (p less than 0.05), whereas protein oxidation remained unchanged. Although the greatest proportion of the energy expenditure in the warm was derived from lipid (59%), carbohydrate oxidation represented the major fuel for thermogenesis in the cold, since it accounted for 51% of the corresponding total energy expenditure. The results demonstrate that cold exposure causes a much greater increase in the utilization of carbohydrate than lipid. It is suggested that these substrates are directly utilized for thermogenesis in the shivering skeletal muscles.
Adult↗
The CA 125 tumour-associated antigen: a review of the literature.
CA 125 is an antigenic determinant on a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein recognized by a monoclonal antibody which was raised using an ovarian cancer cell line as an immunogen. During the last 5 years the studies reviewed in this paper have provided information concerning the nature, distribution and clinical significance of CA 125. The CA 125 determinant is expressed by epithelial ovarian tumours and various other pathological and normal tissues of Müllerian origin. The function of the glycoprotein expressing CA 125 remains unclear but the distribution of the antigen suggests that it may have a physiological role. The highest serum levels of CA 125 are found in ovarian cancer patients, but elevation of serum CA 125 may also be associated with other malignancies and benign and physiological states, including pregnancy, endometriosis and menstruation. Despite limitations of sensitivity and specificity serum CA 125 estimation is of clinical value in the pre-operative diagnosis and monitoring of ovarian malignancy and may be a prognostic indicator for this disease. The role of CA 125 in screening for early-stage ovarian cancer is currently under investigation. Recent reports suggest that serum CA 125 measurement may also be of value as a prognostic indicator in endometrial cancer and as a reflection of disease status in advanced endometriosis.
Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate↗
Prevention of ovarian cancer: a survey of the practice of prophylactic oophorectomy by fellows and members of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.
A questionnaire designed to investigate attitudes to prophylactic oophorectomy was sent to 2817 fellows and members of the Royal college of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. A total of 1142 replies was received from those who performed regular sessions of gynaecological surgery. The number of respondents who said they would usually remove apparently normal ovaries at the time of abdominal hysterectomy from premenopausal women in age groups 35-39, 40-44, 45-49 and over 49 years was 4 (0.4%), 27 (2%), 234 (20%) and 585 (51%) respectively, and from postmenopausal women 974 (85%). The majority of respondents said that (i) they would prescribe hormone replacement therapy in oophorectomized premenopausal women (82%); (ii) they did not consider unilateral oophorectomy to have a role in prevention of ovarian cancer (84%); and (iii) they routinely discussed the question of prophylactic oophorectomy with their patients before operation (65%). Only 128 (11%) of the respondents believed that greater than or equal to 10% of ovarian cancers in the UK could be prevented by prophylactic oophorectomy at the time of operation for benign disease, and 505 (44%) would perform prophylactic oophorectomy as a primary surgical procedure in women who had a strong family history of ovarian cancer.
Adult↗
Muscle glycogen availability and temperature regulation in humans.
The effects of intramuscular glycogen availability on human temperature regulation were studied in eight seminude subjects immersed in 18 degrees C water for 90 min or until rectal temperature (Tre) decreased to 35.5 degrees C. Each subject was immersed three times over a 3-wk period. Each immersion followed 2.5 days of a specific dietary and/or exercise regimen designed to elicit low (L), normal (N), or high (H) glycogen levels in large skeletal muscle groups. Muscle glycogen concentration was determined in biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after each immersion. Intramuscular glycogen concentration before the immersion was significantly different among the L, N, and H trials (P less than 0.01), averaging 247 +/- 15, 406 +/- 23, and 548 +/- 42 (SE) mmol glucose units.kg dry muscle-1, respectively. The calculated metabolic heat production during the first 30 min of immersion was significantly lower during L compared with N or H (P less than 0.05). The rate at which Tre decreased was more rapid during the L immersion than either N or H (P less than 0.05), and the time during the immersion at which Tre first began to decrease also appeared sooner during L than N or H. The results suggest that low skeletal muscle glycogen levels are associated with more rapid body cooling during water immersion in humans. Higher than normal muscle glycogen levels, however, do not increase cold tolerance.
Adult↗
Mechanism of enhanced cold tolerance by an ephedrine-caffeine mixture in humans.
The influence of a thermogenic mixture of ephedrine- (1 mg/kg) caffeine (2.5 mg/kg) on cold tolerance was investigated in nine healthy young male subjects during two seminude exposures to cold air (3 h at 10 degrees C). The drug ingestion reduced the total drop in core, mean skin, and mean body temperatures (P less than 0.01), thus producing significantly warmer final core, mean skin, and mean body temperatures compared with the placebo ingestion. The drug ingestion increased the total 3-h energy expenditure by 18.6% compared with that of the placebo ingestion in the cold (P less than 0.01). By means of the nonprotein respiratory exchange ratio to calculate the rates of substrate oxidation, it was found that the drug ingestion increased carbohydrate oxidation by as much as 41.7% above that of the placebo (P less than 0.05). In contrast, the drug mixture had no significant influence on lipid or protein metabolism. The results demonstrate that the ingestion of an ephedrine-caffeine mixture improves cold tolerance in humans by significantly increasing body temperatures in the cold. These improvements were not caused by an increased conservation of heat but by a greater energy expenditure, which appears to be dependent on an enhanced carbohydrate utilization.
Adult↗
Free fatty acid availability and temperature regulation in cold water.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a reduced availability of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) would impair human temperature regulation during cold exposure. Seven seminude male subjects were immersed on two occasions in 18 degrees C water for 90 min or until their rectal temperature (Tre) decreased to 35.5 degrees C. The immersion occurred after 2 h of intermittent oral ingestion of either nicotinic acid (NIC) or a placebo (PLAC). Plasma FFA levels immediately before the immersion were significantly lower in NIC (87 +/- 15 mumol/l) than in PLAC (655 +/- 116 mumol/l, P less than 0.05). Although FFA levels increased by 73% in NIC during the immersion (P less than 0.05), they remained significantly lower than in PLAC (151 +/- 19 vs. 716 +/- 74 mumol/l, P less than 0.05) throughout the immersion. Muscle glycogen concentrations in the vastus lateralis decreased after cold water immersion in both trials (P less than 0.05), but the rate of glycogen utilization was similar, averaging 1.00 +/- 0.27 mmol glucose unit.kg dry muscle-1.min-1). Plasma glucose levels were significantly reduced after immersion in both trials (P less than 0.05), this decrease being greater in NIC (1.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/l) than in PLAC (0.7 +/- 0.1 mmol/l, P less than 0.05). O2 uptake increased to 3.8 +/- 0.3 times preimmersion values in both trials (P less than 0.05). Mean respiratory exchange ratio (RER) immediately before the immersion was greater in NIC (0.87 +/- 0.02) than in PLAC (0.77 +/- 0.01, P less than 0.05). Cold exposure increased RER in PLAC but not in NIC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
Muscle fiber-specific glycogen utilization in strength-trained males and females.
This study evaluated the effect of strength training on glycogen utilization in slow twitch (ST) and fast twitch (FT) muscle fibers during repeated maximal unilateral isokinetic leg extensions at 180 degrees.s-1. Strength-trained (5 males, 4 females) and untrained (4 males, 6 females) subjects performed three sets of 50 maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) at this velocity with 10-min rest intervals between sets. Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after each exercise session. Glycogen content of the fibers was quantified as optical density (OD) using microspectrophotometric densitometry on serial cross-sections of muscle tissue stained with a periodic acid Schiff reagent stain after individual fibers were identified as ST or FT according to a stain for myofibrillar ATPase activity. Analysis of variance with repeated measures yielded the following results: OD, i.e., glycogen, was reduced similarly in both fiber types after exercise, but only in the males (P = 0.02); there was no significant main effect of training status per se (i.e., strength-trained vs untrained). These results indicate that years of strength training do not change the pattern of muscle fiber-specific glycogen utilization during repeated dynamic MVCs.
Adult↗
High-intensity exercise performance is not impaired by low intramuscular glycogen.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of glycogen availability on short-term, high-intensity exercise performance. Eight males completed performance evaluation tasks (PET) consisting of maximum isokinetic strength and endurance, isometric strength, and electrically evoked force of the leg extensors, twice during each of two conditions. On day 1 (D1) of the control condition (C) subjects performed the PET, followed by strenuous exercise designed to deplete glycogen stores of the leg extensors. After consuming a mixed diet for 48h (days 2 and 3) they performed the PET again on day 4 (D4). The experimental condition (E) was identical to C, except that a strictly controlled low carbohydrate diet was consumed during Days 2 and 3. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis before the PET on D4 confirmed differences between conditions in intramuscular glycogen (426 +/- 43 vs 153 +/- 60 mmol glucose units.kg-1 d.w. for C and E respectively, P less than 0.001). Results obtained from the PET were not different between conditions on D4, nor within conditions when D1 and D4 were compared. Resting blood glucose, hematological variables indicative of hydration and acid-base status, and post PET blood lactate were similar for all trials. It is concluded that short-term, high-intensity exercise performance of glycogen depleted leg extensors is not impaired.
Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
Active recovery, endurance training, and the calculation of the individual anaerobic threshold.
The individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) is the highest metabolic rate at which blood lactate (LA) concentrations are maintained at a steady state during prolonged exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of active and passive recovery on the determination of the IAT before and after an endurance training program. Both before and after an 8-wk training program, nine subjects did two submaximal, incremental cycle exercise tests (30 W and 4 min per step) until LA was greater than or equal to 4 mmol.l-1. Blood was sampled repeatedly during exercise and for 12 min during the subsequent recovery period, which was passive for one test and active (approximately 35% VO2max) during the second test. An IAT metabolic rate and power output were calculated for the passive (IATp) and active (IATa) recovery protocols. On separate days, before and after training, five of the subjects exercised for 30 min at either the IATp or the IATa. Before training, IATa occurred at a higher (P less than 0.05) power output and absolute and relative VO2 compared to IATp. After training, VO2max and the power output and VO2 at IATa and IATp increased significantly; as a percent VO2max, IATp but not IATa increased. During the pretraining 30-min IAT rides, LA was higher during the IATa than the IATp test, but LA values did not change during the last 20 min of exercise. LA was similar for both 30-min IAT rides after training and did not change from 5 to 30 min of exercise. The LA steady-state concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 6.8 mmol.l-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
Effect of glucose polymer ingestion on glycogen depletion during a soccer match.
The effect on muscle glycogen utilization of drinking a glucose polymer solution before and during a soccer match was studied. Ten male soccer players were divided into two groups balanced both for playing position and between the two teams. Five players on the experimental team (ET) ingested 0.5 L of 7% glucose polymer solution 10 min before the game and at half-time. Five control team (CT) players ingested equal volumes of placebo at the same times. The players were biopsied in the vastus lateralis before and after the game. The change in muscle glycogen was less (p less than 0.01) in ET (111 +/- 24 mmol glucose units.kg-1 dry muscle) than in CT (181 +/- 24 mmol.kg-1). Blood glucose concentration was not changed after the game in either group. This study demonstrates that glucose ingestion reduces net muscle glycogen utilization in a field setting, i.e. soccer match play.
Administration, Oral↗
Screening for ovarian cancer by CA-125 measurement.
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Antigens, Neoplasm↗
Multimodal approach to screening for ovarian cancer.
1010 postmenopausal women were recruited for an ovarian cancer screening programme incorporating serum CA-125 measurement and vaginal examination as initial tests and real-time ultrasonography as a secondary procedure in selected cases. The normal range for serum CA-125 in postmenopausal women was established. The specificity for ovarian cancer of serum CA-125 measurement and vaginal examination were 97.0% and 97.3%, respectively. The combinations of serum CA-125 measurement with ultrasound and vaginal examination with ultrasound achieved specificities of 99.8% and 99.0%, respectively. 100% specificity was achieved by serum CA-125 measurement with vaginal examination and by the combination of all three tests. The findings indicate that no individual screening test has acceptable specificity for ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women. However, the combination of CA-125 measurement with ultrasound did achieve acceptable specificity and offers the most hope of a specific and sensitive method for early detection.
Aged↗