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Biomedical subjects

I Hindmarch

Publications and source records attributed to I Hindmarch.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Midazolam: effects on psychomotor performance and subjective aspects of sleep and sedation in normal volunteers.

Twelve healthy volunteers each received acute doses of placebo and 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg of midazolam. Seven subjects were tested before and 1, 4 and 7 h after treatment. Five subjects were given the same five treatments nocturnally and tested the following morning, 10-12 h after treatment. Tests on various measures of sedation (choice reaction time and critical flicker fusion) and of drowsiness (line analogue rating scales) showed midazolam at 15 and 20 mg dose levels to be a potent sedative agent. The present results suggest that the activity of midazolam is at a maximum 1 h after ingestion and that the effects of the drug have dissipated 7 h after treatment.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed1983

The effects of zimeldine and amitriptyline on car driving and psychomotor performance.

The development of an objective measure of car driving performance, brake reaction time (BRT), is described, and the effects of amitriptyline and zimeldine on this measure are compared in a placebo-controlled, acute, single dose, volunteer study. The effects of treatment on laboratory tests of critical flicker fusion (CFF) threshold, choice reaction time (CRT) and tracking accuracy and on self-assessments of sedation are also examined. At 2 hours post-treatment, amitriptyline produced a significant increase in brake reaction time when compared to both placebo and zimeldine. At 4 hours post-treatment, a significant reduction in "tracking accuracy" and a significant increase in CRT was observed after treatment with amitriptyline, while no such effects were seen with zimeldine. Measures of CFF threshold and self-ratings of sedation also revealed that amitriptyline produced a significant degree of sedation at 4 hours when compared to zimeldine and placebo. In contrast, zimeldine produced elevated CFF threshold, but did not affect self-ratings of sedation.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The effects of midazolam in conjunction with alcohol on iconic memory and free-recall.

The effects of midazolam 15 mg and alcohol 0.5 g/kg on short-term storage in the visual system (iconic memory) and free recall of a word list were investigated in 8 normal volunteers. Acute doses of midazolam, alcohol and midazolam in combination with alcohol were all found to decrease iconic memory whereas only midazolam and midazolam + alcohol impaired immediate recall. Anterograde amnesia was observed following treatment with midazolam and midazolam in conjunction with alcohol. The results suggest a potentiation of the effects of midazolam, on aspects of human memory by the co-administration of small doses of alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The effects of midazolam in conjunction with alcohol on sleep, psychomotor performance and car driving ability.

The acute and early morning effects of midazolam 15mg and alcohol 0.5g/kg on subjective measures of CNS activity, psychomotor performance and car driving ability were investigated in eight healthy female volunteers. One hour following treatment with midazolam and midazolam + alcohol, critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT) was significantly depressed and subjects perceived themselves as feeling more sedated when compared to treatment with placebo or alcohol alone. Perceived ease of getting to sleep (GTS) was also improved by midazolam and the midazolam + alcohol combination. Stimulus processing time was significantly increased at one hour after treatment by midazolam taken in conjunction with alcohol, thus resulting in an overall increase in total reaction time. On the morning following administration, both "on the road" assessments of car driving ability and laboratory tests of psychomotor performance were unaffected by any of the treatment conditions. Midazolam 15mg was found to be an effective sleep inducer with no evidence of residual or "hangover" effects, although the drug's hypnotic activity may be augmented by social doses of alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Chlormezanone: its effects on subjective aspects of sleep and on skilled performance related to car driving.

A double-blind, crossover study compared chlormezanone 200 mg t.d.s., chlormezanone 400 mg nocte and placebo in twelve female volunteers. There was no obvious evidence of chlormezanone causing an impairment in early morning psychomotor performance, car driving ability or subjective ratings of early morning behaviour. Subjectively reported mood changes were consistent with those expected of a tranquillising drug and the sleep-inducing and improving properties of chlormezanone were confirmed. This volunteer study suggests that chlormezanone may well be a nocturnal sedative which does not have a morning hangover effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Nomifensine, clobazam and HOE 8476: effects on aspects of psychomotor performance and cognitive ability.

The effects of a combination of nomifensine and clobazam (HOE 8476) were compared, on a variety of psychometric measures, with those of its separate monosubstances in a placebo controlled double-blind study with twelve normal volunteers. Assessments comprised a range of psychomotor performance tests, measures of cognitive processing ability and visual analogue rating scales - previously shown to be sensitive to the effects of psychotropic drugs. Subjects acted as their own control and were tested in the morning and afternoon following subchronic pre-dosing with each of the four treatments. When compared with placebo, nomifensine showed no significant change on any of the performance measures. HOE 8476 produced no significant changes in performance but significantly reduced self-rated anxiety. Clobazam significantly improved subjective ratings of the ease of getting to sleep and impaired choice reaction time and concept identification performance in the morning. No significant changes in the test measures were found in the afternoon following any treatment. The findings were in broad agreement with those of previous studies and demonstrated that clobazam and nomifensine, both alone and in combination, tended not to impair performance on a wide range of psychological test assessments.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Loprazolam (HR158) and flurazepam with ethanol compared on tests of psychomotor ability.

1. Twelve healthy female volunteers were given either loprazolam 1 mg, flurazepam 15 mg or placebo in conjunction with ethanol for 3 consecutive nights in a double-blind crossover study with each subject acting as her own control. 2. Neither of the test compounds, in conjunction with ethanol, showed any statistically significant impairment of performance on tests of psychomotor ability the morning following 3 nights administration. 3. Subjective evaluations of the ease of getting to sleep and the perceived quality of sleep were improved by both drugs in conjunction with ethanol. However, flurazepam with ethanol produced a greater impairment of subjects' ratings of early morning behaviour than either loprazolam or placebo taken with ethanol. 4. Subjective reports of sedation were more prevalent the morning following flurazepam and ethanol than those after loprazolam and ethanol and placebo and ethanol.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Aspects of short-term use of two benzodiazepine hypnotics in the elderly.

There are frequent reports of impairment of psychomotor performance on the morning after taking hypnotics. Possible ways of avoiding these problems include a reduction of the dose or using a hypnotic with a short half-life. This study used nitrazepam 2.5 mg and triazolam 0.125 mg in a group of hospitalized elderly patients. Both drugs were effective hypnotic agents but they are different in their residual effects. Patients reported difficulty in waking after nitrazepam but not after triazolam. These difficulties were confirmed by nurse observation. Nitrazepam significantly impairs (after repeated doses) psychomotor performance after five days therapy and this effect was not seen after triazolam. If a benzodiazepine hypnotic is used in the elderly, a drug with a short elimination half-life is an advantage.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Differences in the effect of two benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxious outpatients.

60 anxious patients received either 3 mg lorazepam or 30 mg clobazam daily for 4 weeks preceded and followed by a 1-week placebo treatment. Both drugs were equally effective in changing the ratings of anxiety obtained on the Hamilton anxiety rating scale, the Leeds self assessment scale and visual analogue scales. Statistically significant differences between the two drugs were observed after the final week on placebo. In the patients treated with lorazepam the psychic anxiety scores worsened and began to return to their pre-drug levels. This reoccurrence of the symptoms of anxiety was not noticed in the patients treated with clobazam.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire in psychopharmacological investigations - a review.

The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire comprises ten self-rating 100-mm-line analogue questions concerned with aspects of sleep and early morning behaviour. The questionnaire has been used to monitor subjectively perceived changes in sleep during psychopharmacological investigations involving a variety of psychoactive agents, including sedative-hypnotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, CNS stimulants, and antihistamines. Dose-related improvements in the self-reported ratings of getting to sleep and perceived quality of sleep were generally associated with reductions in the self-reported levels of alertness and behavioural integrity the morning following the nocturnal administration of sedative hypnotic and anti-anxiety agents. Psychostimulants on the other hand, impaired subjective ratings of sleep and produced increases in early morning assessments of alertness. Certain antidepressant and antihistaminic agents produced effects similar to the sedative-hypnotics, while others did not affect self-reported aspects of sleep and early morning behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

A re-examination of the clinical effects of imipramine and amitriptyline in depressive illness.

A double-blind trial of amitriptyline and imipramine was conducted in patients suffering from depressive illness. The results failed to confirm the prevalent belief that amitriptyline has a greater sedative effect and superior anxiolytic properties than imipramine. The therapeutic effect of these drugs was not shown to be related to their sedative properties and with regard to anxiety the reverse appeared to be true.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed1980

The effects of clobazam and lorazepam on aspects of psychomotor performance and car handling ability.

1 Laboratory tests of psychomotor performance and 'on road' assessments of car handling ability were made following repeated doses of clobazam 10 mg three times daily, lorazepam 1 mg three times daily and matching placebo 1 capsule three times daily. 2 Both active compounds produced on impairment, compared to placebo, in some mental arithmetic and letter cancellation tasks, but these effects were neither widespread nor consistent. 3 Lorazepam produced a significant impairment of car driving tasks and analogue rating scales of subjective alertness. The pronounced sedative activity of the drug was also shown in the verbal reports of side effects and in indices of early morning sedation derived from the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. 4 Clobazam did not produce either the objective, or the subjective impairment of performance and alertness found with lorazepam. 5 The results taken as a whole show important differences between the 1,4 benzodiazepine, lorazepam, and the 1,5 benzodiazepine, clobazam, in their effects on the integrity of psychomotor performance related to car driving ability.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The effects of combined sedative and anxiolytic preparations on subjective aspects of sleep and objective measures of arousal and performance the morning following nocturnal medication. I: Acute doses.

Acute doses of various sedative and anxiolytic preparations were administered to consenting volunteers and the effects measured on both subjective and objective assessments of sleep and early morning behaviour. Nitrazepam was used as the benzodiazepine hypnotic, dichloralphenazone as the standard non-benzodiazepine hypnotic and clobazam as the representative anxiolytic preparation. The acute dose nature of the study produced variable results, but a degree of disruption of performance the morning following nocturnal medication was measured. This suggested that anxiolytics and sedatives might potentiate one another and the resulting disorganisation of behaviour might be important in patient populations having to drive motor vehicles.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The effects of triazolam and nitrazepam on sleep quality, morning vigilance and psychomotor performance.

1. Repeated doses of triazolam 0.5 mg and mitrazepam 10 mg were given to two groups of consenting volunteers. 2. Measures of choice reaction time, critical flicker fusion threshold, and mental arithmetic ability were made the morning following nocturnal medication with either the active drug or placebo. 3. The subjects' assessment of sleep and early morning behaviour were obtained on 10 cm-line visual analogue scales. 4. Both drugs were rated as effective hypnotics while, at the same time, ratings of the ease of awakening from sleep and the errors produced in a mental arithmetic task were impaired. 5. Objective measures of performance and subjective reports of "hangover" differentiated nitrazepam from triazolam. A significant impairment of early morning performance found with nitrazepam was not found following treatment with triazolam.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The effects of combined sedative and anxiolytic preparations on subjective aspects of sleep and objective measure of arousal and performance the morning following nocturnal medication. II. Repeated doses.

The previous acute dose study showed various combinations of sedatives and anxiolytics to be effective in improving sleep but disrupting some aspects of behaviour the morning following. Repeated doses of similar combinations show that all active preparations improve the subjective assessments of sleep. Some established hypnotics (amylobarbitone sodium) show a hangover the morning following while some anxiolytic/sedative combinations (clobazam/dichloralphenazone) show no hangover. This finding suggests that the different drugs have differential modes of action on sleep and early morning behaviour. The uncertainty with which some anxiolytic/sedative combinations interact to change subjective and objective measures warrants further investigation.

Adult↗