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Biomedical subjects

I Goodyer

Publications and source records attributed to I Goodyer.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

The effect of adverse life events on glycaemic control in children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

Forty-five children aged 6 to 14 years with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were recruited from a paediatric diabetic clinic. Glycaemic control, child emotional and behavioural problems, and maternal mental state were assessed at recruitment and after 12 months. Life events were measured at 12 months using a standardised semi-structured interview schedule. A between-groups comparison design was used to explore the effect of life events, child emotional and behavioural problems, and maternal mental state on glycaemic control. The children had relatively high rates of emotional and behavioural problems. Overall, the children had a similar number of life events to healthy children in the general population, but proportionally, experienced fewer desirable events. Children who had experienced at least one event in a family setting, or a disappointing event, were more likely to have high glycated haemoglobin levels afterwards than were children who had not experienced such events. Linear regression models showed that only disappointments, family events and glycated haemoglobin at the start of the study made important independent contributions to glycated haemoglobin at 12 months. Child age, emotional and behavioural problems, and maternal mental state, had no effect on glycaemic control.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence and significance of weight and shape concerns in girls aged 11-16 years.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of the core ideational component of eating disorders among the at-risk population (11-to 16-year-old girls) is not known. METHOD: A community survey of 11- to 16-year-old girls was conducted to establish the prevalence of significant concerns about body weight and shape characteristics of eating disorders. A total of 1068 girls were screened and 368 interviewed using standardised measures. RESULTS: Significant weight and/or shape concerns were estimated to be present in 14.5% of the 11-to 12-year-olds, 14.9% of the 13-to 14-year-olds and 18.9% of the 15-to 16-year-olds. Only among those aged 15 to 16 was the presence of such concerns associated with a significant level of concurrent behavioural and ideational disturbance. CONCLUSIONS: Significant concerns about weight or shape are present in almost one in five 15-to 16-year-old girls, many of whom evidence high levels of ancillary disturbance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The Cambridge Language and Speech Project (CLASP). I . Detection of language difficulties at 36 to 39 months.

A community-based investigation of the nature, characteristics and evolution of speech and language delay in a sample of 3-year-olds is being carried out in Cambridgeshire. 1936 parents completed a preschool language checklist (PLC) to identify children at risk of language difficulties. Two hundred and seventy-seven children at risk together with 148 controls completed a series of preliminary face-to-face standard language tests to determine expressive, receptive and phonological skills. Concordance between the Cambridge Language and Speech Project (CLASP) identification and speech therapy involvement suggests that the overall (CLASP) screening procedure identified a number of children that current surveillance had missed and support the conclusion that the PLC may be a useful adjunct for child health care services as an aid in prioritising children for referral to speech therapy services. Children with scores of 1 to 3 at 36 months should be reviewed at 39 months, and those with 4 or more should be a high priority for referral. Preliminary examination of the impairment profile suggests that children with language impairments rather than pure speech impairments at 36 and 39 months are more likely to have a broader range of overall language-related deficit.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

A community study of depression in adolescent girls. I: Estimates of symptom and syndrome prevalence.

A community study was conducted to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and syndromes in 11-16-year-old girls. Girls from three secondary schools (1072 girls in total) were administered questionnaires and 375 were selected for direct interview. The estimated prevalence for current major depressive disorder (within the past month) for the population was 3.6%, and for the past year was 6.0%. Scores on the self-report questionnaire of mood disturbance increased with age, as did the prevalence of depressive disorder. A large proportion of interviewed girls reported depressive symptoms which did not meet the DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive disorder. The estimated prevalence of this 'partial syndrome' group was 8.9% for a current episode and 20.7% for the past year.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A community study of depression in adolescent girls. II: The clinical features of identified disorder.

The clinical characteristics of two subsamples of 11-16-year-old girls were determined from direct interview: those who met DSM-III-R criteria for an episode of major depressive disorder within the past month (n = 28); and those who did not currently meet these criteria but had done so at some time in the previous 12 months (n = 13). The symptom profiles of these cases were compared with a subsample of girls who reported depressive symptoms but did not meet DSM-III-R criteria and were designated as having a 'partial syndrome' (n = 93), and a sample of non-depressed controls (n = 129). Phobias and worry about peer acceptance were common in controls suggesting that these symptoms constitute normal adolescent concerns. The symptom profile of depressed cases altered across three age bands (11-12, 13-14, and 15-16 years), suggesting developmental influences on clinical presentation. Comorbidity for anxiety, behavioural, and obsessional disorders was found in 40% of the depressed cases. None of the cases of major depressive disorder was known to the clinical services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Cortisol hypersecretion in depressed school-aged children and adolescents.

A prospective longitudinal study has been carried out to determine the secretory pattern of cortisol in children (n = 10) with major depressive disorder. Salivary cortisol samples were collected at 4-hourly intervals over 24 hours when the subjects were depressed and again when they were recovered. Group comparison indicated that significant increases in mean cortisol output occurred during illness as compared with recovery. This difference occurred only at three points (midnight, 4 a.m., 8 a.m.) of six measured. Not all cases were showed hypersecretion, but when hypersecretion was present, it occurred in cases with more severe symptoms. In addition, marked differences existed within individuals in the depressed state vs. the recovered state. Hypersecretion appeared to be associated with a significant alteration in diurnal rhythm in some, but not all, cases. The degree of cortisol responsivity and the shape of the curve over 24 hours during the depressed state deserve further investigation and may have implications for the course and outcome of major depression in this age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Social influences on the course of anxious and depressive disorders in school-age children.

In a follow-up study of 49 children and adolescents with anxious or depressive disorders up to 50% had not recovered. In the 12 months preceding onset there were no social factors which predicted recovery at follow-up. Between onset and follow-up the children were less likely to be exposed to undesirable life events, and significant improvements in maternal confiding relationships were reported. Neither of these improvements predicted the level of recovery at follow-up. Poor recovery is best predicted by moderate to poor friendships after the onset of disorder, particularly for those with a diagnosis of depression. Further confirmation is provided that direct interviewing of children by trained personnel using semistructured schedules is a valid method for determining mental symptoms and perception of recent friendships.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

Recent achievements and adversities in anxious and depressed school age children.

Recent social achievements, friendship difficulties and life events were investigated for their relative effects on the probability of being a case of anxious or depressive emotional disorder. There are no significant differences between cases and controls for the presence of one or more recent social achievements. The probability of being a case is best predicted by a consideration of the independent effects of life events and the interactive (multiplicative) effects of the absence of recent social achievements with moderate to poor friendships. The absence of social achievements appears to exert significant risk for emotional disorder only in the presence of moderate to poor friendships. We have termed this an enhancing factor. There appears to be no greater probability of being anxious rather than depressed as a consequence of these factors or mechanisms occurring in the lives of school age children.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

The friendships and recent life events of anxious and depressed school-age children.

The number of moderate to severe undesirable life events and the quality of friendships were compared between a consecutive series of 100 children aged 7-16 years with emotional disorders and a series of community controls matched for age, sex, and social class. Undesirable events and friendship difficulties exerted independent direct effects of similar magnitude on the probability of developing emotional disorders; 33% of disturbed children experienced both adversities compared with 6% of controls. An additive interaction was found for the two factors. The results were uninfluenced by the sex or pubertal status of the subjects. There appears to be no greater probability of being anxious rather than depressed in the presence of life events, alone or in combinations with friendship difficulties. Recent undesirable life events and friendship difficulties arise through independent social pathways and may exert their effects through different psychological mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Anaesthetic induction in children: the effects of maternal presence on mood and subsequent behaviour.

Forty-nine children, aged from 1 to 9 years, undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia, were studied in two groups. In one group, each child's mother was present during induction of anaesthesia, whereas in the other group no parent was present. Children's moods and cooperation during waiting and induction periods did not differ significantly between the groups, neither was the incidence of technical difficulties with anaesthetic induction different. Induction took longer (P = 0.005) if the mother was present. Mothers, when present, were calm and supportive to their children, with one exception. No mother was critical or interfering. Each child's behaviour was assessed by questionnaire pre-operatively and 4 weeks post-operatively. There was a significant overall improvement in behaviour scores post-operatively. There were no significant differences in direction or magnitude of behaviour changes between the two groups.

Affect↗
PubMed1985

Hysteria.

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Child↗
PubMed1985

Recent undesirable life events and psychiatric disorder in childhood and adolescence.

A sample of children and adolescents (n = 157) attending a child psychiatry outpatient clinic with conduct or emotional disturbance were compared with community controls (n = 76) for the number and type of recent life events. A Life Events Schedule for children and adolescents was developed and used as a semi-structured interview. Four clinical groups were identified according to their predominant presenting symptoms (conduct, mild mood, severe mood, or somatic). An excess of events carrying a severe degree of negative impact was found for all four groups, compared with matched controls. Eleven classes of events were examined: there is a suggestion that two classes (martial/family, accident/illness) may be more important for conduct and mild mood disorders, and that a further class (permanent separations, termed exits) may be more important for somatic and severe mood disorders.

Adolescent↗