Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

I Campbell

Publications and source records attributed to I Campbell.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Inflation pressure, gastric insufflation and rapid sequence induction.

An investigation was carried out into the relationship between the inflation pressures of normally compliant lungs and the airways pressure necessary to produce the insufflation of gas to the stomach. This relationship was examined during manual ventilation with a mask, using a rapid sequence induction technique. In the absence of cricoid pressure the lungs of all the patients could be ventilated "gently" satisfactorily by hand without gas entering the stomach. In only half of the patients could gas be redirected to the stomach when maximal inflation pressures were generated. It was not possible to cause gas to enter the stomach in any patient with a patent airway when cricoid pressure was applied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Treadmill performance and selected physiological characteristics of wheelchair athletes.

The purpose of this study was to examine selected physiological characteristics and pushing performance over a distance of five kilometres (5 km) in twelve wheelchair athletes (10 paraplegics and 2 tetraplegics). The physiological tests and 5 km wheelchair time trials were performed on a motorised treadmill adapted for use by wheelchairs. The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and %VO2 max utilised at a fixed speed equivalent to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol.l-1, identified as being of importance in successful able-bodied endurance performance, were also found to correlate highly with 5 km performance in wheelchair athletes. Low correlations were found between performance and mean %VO2 max utilised over the whole distance and between performance and oxygen uptake at a standard speed. The results also showed that the tetraplegics had lower physiological reserves than the paraplegics, with a much reduced maximum heart rate and ventilation. The findings indicate that a combination of physiological characteristics influence pushing performance in wheelchair athletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Immunodetection and characterization of the degradation of cartilage proteoglycans in vitro and in vivo.

The large aggregating cartilage proteoglycans can be detected immunologically using antibodies directed against the hyaluronic acid-binding region, core protein, keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. With radioimmunoassays we have detected proteoglycans released from adult human articular cartilage in vitro and in vivo. In vitro cleavage appears to occur mainly adjacent to the hyaluronic acid binding region with the release of the rest of the molecule. Two distinct populations have been observed, the larger of which is chondroitin sulfate-rich and the smaller keratan sulfate-rich. Although they are a little smaller and probably aggregate less with hyaluronic acid, these populations correspond in size and composition to two similar populations detected in situ in healthy adult human articular cartilage. In vivo studies of synovial fluid have revealed that the proteoglycan fragments are smaller and the most commonly detected fragment is the hyaluronic acid binding region. This suggests that in vivo further degradation occurs, probably due to degradation mediated by the inflamed synovium and polymorphonuclear leucocytes present in the synovial fluid of inflamed joints.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1986

Aetiology of diarrhoea in young calves.

Faeces samples were collected from 302 untreated calves on the day of onset of diarrhoea and from 49 healthy calves at 32 farms experiencing outbreaks of diarrhoea. At least four diarrhoeic calves were sampled on each farm, and samples were examined for rotavirus, coronavirus, cryptosporidium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella species. Although all these enteropathogens were excreted more frequently by the diarrhoeic than by the healthy calves, the difference was significant overall only for rotavirus. Rotavirus was excreted by 18 per cent of healthy calves, coronavirus by 4 per cent, cryptosporidium by 14 per cent, and no enterotoxigenic E coli or Salmonella species were detected. The most common enteropathogen in diarrhoeic calves was rotavirus, which was excreted by more than half the diarrhoeic calves on 18 farms. Coronavirus was excreted at a similar high prevalence on one farm, cryptosporidium on five farms and enterotoxigenic E coli on three farms. Concurrent infection with two or more microorganisms occurred in 15 per cent of diarrhoeic calves. There was no difference in the isolation rate of campylobacters between diarrhoeic and healthy calves.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Psychiatric and behaviour disturbance in mental handicap.

This study reports on the relationship between behavioural and psychiatric perceptions of mentally handicapped subjects. A Standardised Psychiatric Interview schedule was found to characterise psychiatric problems in the mentally handicapped along eight dimensions: depression, neurasthenia, psychoticism, phobias, histrionic elation, hypochondria, mental retardation and medication effects. A Behavioural Disturbance Scale characterised disturbances along six dimensions: aggressive conduct, mood disturbance, withdrawal, antisocial conduct, idiosyncratic mannerisms and self-injury. The relationships between the two modes of assessment were investigated using multiple regression. Clinical features were not expressed in behaviour disturbances, nor were they related to age, sex or hospitalisation. The communicativeness of an interviewee was, however, found to limit the detection of depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Ischaemic proctitis and adventitial fibromuscular dysplasia of the superior rectal artery.

A case of ischaemic proctitis apparently caused by adventitial fibromuscular dysplasia of the superior rectal artery is reported and the results of a survey of 50 superior rectal and marginal arteries from post mortem and surgical cases are described. Abnormal musculature was demonstrated in varying degree in the adventitia of 28 of 50 asymptomatic patients. Our findings indicate that a spectrum of this vascular abnormality exists in the elderly which is rarely severe enough to contribute to symptomatic large bowel ischaemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of atypical rotaviruses from calves, piglets, lambs and man.

Some rotaviruses from calves, piglets, and lambs were detected by electron microscopic examination of faeces but not by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay which relies on detection of group antigen. On further examination by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, these viruses had 11 segments of dsRNA, as had typical rotaviruses, but arranged in atypical patterns. From humans, three rotaviruses with atypical electrophoretypes were also detected. Gnotobiotic animals were infected with atypical calf, piglet and lamb rotaviruses, and used to provide antigen and antiserum for an immunofluorescent comparison of these rotaviruses with conventional rotaviruses and other previously described atypical rotaviruses from piglets and chickens. Two atypical rotaviruses from humans failed to infect gnotobiotic piglets. The atypical rotaviruses could be tentatively categorized into two groups serologically distinct from each other and from conventional rotaviruses, and these distinctions were consistent with electrophoretypes . The atypical chicken rotavirus may form a fourth distinct group. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that rotaviruses belong to at least four separate groups definable by serology and electrophoretype .

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Routine cross-matching is not necessary for a transurethral resection of the prostate.

Two hundred and fifty-five consecutive patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy were studied prospectively to test a policy of not routinely cross-matching blood. Blood was ordered only for patients with anaemia, a major medical risk factor, a prostate gland estimated to be greater than 60 g, or the presence of red cell alloantibodies. Of the 203 patients who were "grouped and saved" only, 30 (12%) were subsequently cross-matched and 22 (8.5%) transfused. There were no significant problems as a result of the operation of this policy. The value of these pre-operative criteria for cross-matching was confirmed, apart from the clinical estimation of prostatic size. The use of such a policy could be of significant value to the hospital blood transfusion services.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Bovine rotavirus serotypes and their significance for immunization.

Neutralization assays on calf fecal rotavirus with antisera to two previously described bovine rotavirus serotypes allowed the isolation of four rotaviruses belonging to a distinct third serotype. In a survey of 85 calf isolates, 80 rotaviruses belonged to serotype 1 (91%), 1 belonged to serotype 2 (1%), and 4 belonged to serotype 3 (5%). Serotypes 1 and 2 were shown to not cross-protect in a passive immunization experiment in gnotobiotic lambs. Ingestion of specific antiserum protected against infection with the homologous, but not heterologous, serotype. Rabbits with no previous exposure to rotavirus responded to sequential vaccination with bovine and human rotavirus serotypes with antibody specific to those serotypes, and the response did not broaden to include serotypes to which they had not been exposed. These factors suggested the need for multivalent rotavirus vaccines. By contrast, 47 adult cows on 11 farms had neutralizing antibodies to two bovine and three human rotavirus serotypes. After vaccination with one bovine rotavirus serotype, these cows produced a significant increase in antibody titers to these same five serotypes but not to two other serotypes to which they had no preexisting antibody. These results were interpreted to indicate that cows will respond heterotypically after monovalent vaccination to all rotavirus serotypes with which they have had experience and, therefore, that single serotype vaccination may be sufficient. This conclusion has practical importance for rotavirus immunization procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Use of NK1 C3 monoclonal antibody in the assessment of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions.

The monoclonal antibody NK1 C3, synthesised by the Netherlands Cancer Institute, has been used to assess its value in the diagnosis of melanocytic lesions. The antigen recognised by this antibody is not denatured by formalin fixation, with the result that the antibody can be used for retrospective studies on conventionally processed material. Positive results were obtained in primary melanoma (18/18), secondary melanoma (21/21), junctional and compound naevi (32/32), intradermal naevi (9/12), congenital naevi (3/3), so called dysplastic naevi (13/13), blue naevi (5/5), and Spitz tumours (3/14). Non-melanocytic tumours were tested for comparison. The results showed relative but not complete specificity of the antibody for melanocytic tumours, with positive results only in breast and prostate tumours (2/6 and 2/5 respectively). Negative results were obtained with basal and squamous cell carcinoma, appendage tumours, neural tumours, and apudomas. The staining pattern of NK1 C3 was compared with that of antibodies to S100 protein and to neurone specific enolase. Compared with S100 protein NK1 C3 gave stronger staining of a higher percentage of cells in the 12 specimens in which a direct comparison was made. Antibody raised against neurone specific enolase in sheep gave very poor results with heavy background staining. We suggest that NK1 C3 is a useful addition to the battery of monoclonal antibodies of value to the diagnostic histopathologist.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1983

Experimental cryptosporidiosis in calves: clinical manifestations and pathological findings.

Twenty-two calves between one and 20 days old were infected orally or by contact with cryptosporidia. Calves were maintained as either specific pathogen free, colostrum fed or sucking and were inoculated with either a bacteria free or a contaminated cryptosporidium preparation. Enteritis was characterised by depression, anorexia and diarrhoea and cryptosporidium oocysts were excreted during the clinical course of the illness. In the initial stages of the disease, cryptosporidium infestation was found throughout the small intestine; in the later stage the large intestine was also affected. Villous atrophy and fusion was present at small intestinal sites infected with cryptosporidia and lactase levels were depressed. No lesions were seen in infected large intestinal mucosa. Although the incubation period was longest (five to seven days) in calves infected by contact, there were few differences in the clinical course of disease or the pathological findings between any of the infected calves.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The therapeutic effect of 16 antimicrobial agents on Cryptosporidium infection in mice.

The therapeutic efficiency of 16 anti-microbial agents (Ethopabate, Nicarbazin, Sulphaquinoxaline, Furaltadone, Enterolyte-N, Sulphamethazine, Trinamide, Amprol, Phenamidine, Zoaquin, Halofuginone, Salinomycin, Monensin, Emtryl, Arprinocid and Amprolium) were examined against Cryptosporidium infections in mice. The Cryptosporidium was originally isolated from a field outbreak of calf diarrhoea. The drugs neither prevented nor modified the course of the infection as compared with infected, untreated mice.

Animals↗