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Biomedical subjects

I B Ushakov

Publications and source records attributed to I B Ushakov.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Advancement and goals of the aviation human engineering].

Analyzed were the efforts of the State Scientific-Research Test Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine to weigh and account the human factor in designing and upgrading avionics and aviation machinery. Described are the policy of human engineering support to the development, evaluation, and operation of aviation machinery, and the benefits from the human factor knowledge to the specifications for aviation machinery and allowance for the psychophysiological aptitudes of human on different phases of development of ergatic aviation systems. Outlined is the mainstream of ergonomic enhancement of the quality and safety, and humanization of the activities of different aviation specialists.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1997

[Improvement of protective and survival means as a current ecological-ergonomic problem in aviation].

Science and application aspects of the ergonomic enhancement of protective and survival means for aviation personnel under the present-day operational environment have been studied. Substantiated and presented is a concept of ergonomic enhancement of these means and possibly marked improvement of professional readiness, and maintenance of work capacity and occupational health of aviation personnel affected by a combination of adverse factors by way of a more thorough consideration of human operator's characteristics in the process of design and evaluation of protective means. Methods proposed for evaluation of environmental effects on and assessment of the ergonomic stimulation of the quality and intensity of flying activity have been analyzed.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1997

[Protection of occupational health as an ergonomic problem].

The paper outlines the scientific and applied aspects of ergonomic improvement of the protection and salvation facilities for aircraft specialists under the present environmental conditions of their operation. A concept of ergonomic enhancement of the efficiency of these facilities under the combined influence of unfavourable factors is substantiated and forwarded, which envisages the possibility of improving professional skills and the preservation of the working capacity and occupational health of aircraft specialists by making a fuller account when the facilities are designed and the characteristics of an operator are examined. An analysis has been made of the methods which may be useful in evaluating the influence of environmental factors on the quality and tension of flying activities and in assessing the impact of introduction of ergonomic recommendations on the optimization of protective means against them.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1997

[Tissue basophils of the thyroid gland in separate and combined exposure to ionizing radiation and ethanol].

Experiments with male albino rats gave evidence that a single intraperitoneal injection of 15% ethanol at the doses of 0.28 and 2.25 g/kg resulted in enhanced elimination of biologically active substances by tissue basophils (TB) both due to intensified degranulation and greater number of TB in the thyroid gland. Single total exposure to ionizing radiation at the doses of 5, 10, and 20 Gy stimulated the functional activity of TB with simultaneous accumulation of biologically inactive substances. Radio modifying effect of ethanol with respect to thyroid TB consisted of an increase of their number and a decrease in the extent of degranulation which was not dependent on the sequence of radiation exposure and ethanol injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Functional reliability and functional reserves of a flyer].

The paper shows the notions and approaches to evaluating an operator's functional reliability during his professional activity. By using an original approach to testing the functional reserves, i.e. defining the range of mental and physiological responses during activities, the authors propose a criterion apparatus, models and approaches to automating diagnosis and prediction of functional reliability.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Aerospace radiobiology: 35 years (1960-1995)].

The paper gives a brief history of the birth and development of aerospace radiobiology at the Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine. It covers from the first radiobiological investigations in space to the insurance of radiation safety for helicopter air crews who took part in cleaning-up operations of consequences of the Chernobyl accident. The workers of the Radiobiological Laboratory have performed some research theoretical and practical tasks in the interests of aviation and space, civil and military medicine: the impact of gravitation and radiation on genetic structures has been studied, a radiation safety system for vehicles of different use has been developed, new principles in the standardization of EMF for radiofrequency and microwave bands have been proposed, the new radioprotective agent indralin (B, B-190) has been discovered, which is accepted for supply and used in rotary wing aircraft pilots during liquidation works at the Chernobyl atomic power station. New experimental data on the combined effects of radiation and non-radiation flight factors have been obtained. Basically new data on the mechanism of action of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on the brain have been also gained, a system for assessing the health and rehabilitation of pilots that cleaned-up the Chernobyl accident has been developed. Professor Pavel Petrovich Saksonov, RF Honoured Scientist, has the honour to create a school of aerospace radiobiology.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1996

[The principles and methodology for assessing radiation risk: the medical and socioecological contradictions].

An effort has been made to evaluate the environmental and social contradictions as applied to radiation health. Consideration was given to the following issues: the principle of stochasticity and uncertainty of delayed radiation effects of low doses in evaluation of liquidators' health; economic approach to determination of radiation risk and radiation protection programme; risks (natural, domestic, technogenic) comparability principle; simulation of the "man-factor-population-external environment" system; regional and ethnic principles in evaluation of radiation risk; gnosiological approach to formation of a positive image of radiation factor, the principle of economic and social protection; evaluation of radiation health with allowance for specificity of pilot work in highly risky conditions.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1996

[Effect of alcohol intake on the ability to pilot aircraft].

During the initial 4 hours after alcohol intake at a dose of 1.9 g/kg aircraft operators displayed disturbances in the psychic processes and functions responsible for each (from information reception and processing up to decision-making and building-up the controlling actions) structural elements in their activity resulting in considerable limitation or a complete failure to pilot aircraft. Main disorders included inability to correctly analyse flight situation and loss of skills to automatically control simulator, a sudden depletion of psychophysiological reserves and deterioration of operator's reliability. Less elaborated professional skills appear to be the most vulnerable.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1996

[The relation of circadian variations of heuristic behavior and CNS radioresistance in animals].

There has been studied the influence of g-radiation (60Co, 62.5 Gy, craniocaudal) on circadian dynamics of heuristic behaviour (the elements of rational-discriminative activity) of male white rats. There has been found equivocal nature of radiation action: mostly manifestations of some symptoms of neurologic disturbances observed in definite daily periods make difficult realizing behavioural act, but in the other cases such event is not observed (acrophases of both processes coincide). After disappearance of observed neurologic manifestations of central nervous system damage (symptoms of early transitory neurologic disturbances) during the short period of time after exposure to radiation the inversion of circadian rhythm of heuristic behaviour has not been found. The changes are expressed in significant increase of values of extremums and mesor in comparison with control groups not exposed to radiation. By 30 minute after exposure the process loses signs of rhythm, acquires smooth character and mesor response significantly decreases.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Unification of extreme levels of exposure to flight factors of different energy nature].

The factors of a various energetic nature the extreme levels of which both directly (via special receptors) and mediately influence and change the functions of nervous system are studied. Empirical data suggest conclusively that the general biological regularities of the effects of an "intensity-time" type is also valid on the organism level if the central nervous system is thought of as an irritable object. In all cases the initial cause of the disturbed cerebral activity is an external energetic irritative action. It is demonstrated that the character of human response to the extreme effects of some flight factors corresponds to general biological regularity of the reaction toward irritating stimulus. In this case the general mechanism of such reactions of the nervous system is an exhaustion of the energetic brain resources. There have been derived the equalities which define the quantitative relationships among the equivalent levels of extreme flight factor effects and the common unit of their measurement is introduced. On the basis of general biological regularities of the body response to irritating stimulus, the method for estimating and predicting useful consciousness time of the pilot in case of a combined effect of the flight factors under extreme conditions is suggested. For some flight factors (altitude, flight accelerations, noise, ionizing radiation) there have been obtained the qualitative indices enabling one to apply this method to solve the practical tasks. The set algorithm can be fed in personal computers and extended to other flight factors.

Acceleration↗