Prevalence of influenza B during the 2004-2005 season in Japan.
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Humans↗
Biomedical subjects
Hideyuki Ikematsu
Publications and source records attributed to Hideyuki Ikematsu.
A comparison of the effectiveness of oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza A and influenza B: a Japanese multicenter study of the 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 influenza seasons.
BACKGROUND: To compare the effectiveness of oseltamivir for treatment of influenza A and influenza B, we conducted a prospective, multicenter study of the 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 influenza seasons. The study included 3351 patients in whom influenza had been diagnosed by use of an antigen detection test kit. METHODS: Oseltamivir was administered to 1818 patients with influenza A and 1485 patients with influenza B. No anti-influenza drugs were administered to 21 patients with influenza A or to 27 patients with influenza B. Patients receiving oseltamivir therapy were divided into 4 groups according to the time between the onset of fever (temperature, > or = 37.5 degrees C) and administration of the first dose of oseltamivir (0-12 h, 13-24 h, 25-36 h, and 37-48 h). The patients were also divided into 4 subgroups on the basis of age (0-6 years, 7-15 years, 16-64 years, and >64 years). Virus isolation was performed after completion of oseltamivir therapy for 44 patients with influenza A and 31 patients with influenza B. RESULTS: The duration of fever was significantly shorter for patients with influenza A and B who were treated with oseltamivir than for patients who were not treated with an anti-influenza drug (P<.001 for both). The time until the patient became afebrile after the initial administration of oseltamivir and the duration of fever were significantly longer for patients with influenza B than for patients with influenza A for the 0-12 h, 13-24 h, 25-36 h, and 37-48 h groups (P<.001) and for all age groups (P<.001). After 4-6 days of oseltamivir therapy, the influenza B virus reisolation rate (51.6%) was significantly higher than the influenza A virus reisolation rate (15.9%) (P<.001). CONCLUSION: Oseltamivir is less effective for influenza B than for influenza A with regard to duration of fever and virus persistence, irrespective of patient age or the timing of administration of the first dose.
Acetamides↗
Safety assessment of coenzyme Q10 (Kaneka Q10) in healthy subjects: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
The safety profile of Coenzyme Q10 (Kaneka Q10) at high doses for healthy subjects was assessed in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Kaneka Q10 in capsule form was taken for 4 weeks at doses of 300, 600, and 900 mg/day by a total of eighty-eight adult volunteers. No serious adverse events were observed in any group. Adverse events were reported in 16 volunteers with placebo, in 12 volunteers with the 300 mg dose, in 20 volunteers with the 600 mg, dose and in 16 volunteers with the 900 mg dose. The most commonly reported events included common cold symptoms and gastrointestinal effects such as abdominal pain and soft feces. These events exhibited no dose-dependency and were judged to have no relationship to Kaneka Q10. Changes observed in hematology, blood biochemistry, and urinalysis were not dose-related and were judged not to be clinically significant. The plasma CoQ10 concentration after 8-month withdrawal was almost the same as that before administration. These findings showed that Kaneka Q10 was well-tolerated and safe for healthy adults at intake of up to 900 mg/day.
Adult↗
Interferon-alpha/beta upregulate IL-15 expression in vitro and in vivo: analysis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and in chronic hepatitis C patients during interferon-alpha/beta treatment.
Type I interferon (IFN) possesses antiviral and antitumor activities and also having an immune regulatory effect, activating cellular immune response and upregulating several cytokines. Recent study has shown that type I IFN upregurates the dendritic cell production of IL-15 capable of activating natural killer cells and CD8+ memory T lymphocytes. However, it is still unknown if type I IFN induces IL-15 production in non-immune cells and if type I IFN affects IL-15 production in vivo. The present study investigated the effect of type I IFNs on IL-15 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines in vitro and in patients with chronic hepatitis C in vivo. When three HCC cell lines, Huh7, HepG2, and JHH4 were cultured in vitro, IFN upregulation of IL-15 expression was observed at both the mRNA and protein levels. In experiments using Huh7 cells, upregulation of IL-15 expression occurred within 24 h of the start of IFN stimulation, and both IFN-alpha and -beta dose-dependently increased IL-15 production in the range from 100 U/ml to 10,000 U/ml of concentration. IFN-beta showed stronger activity in IL-15 production induction in vitro than IFN-alpha. For in vivo examination, sera were obtained from 21 chronic hepatitis C patients treated with IFN and 29 healthy individuals, and the serum IL-15 level was quantified by ELISA. The serum IL-15 level of chronic hepatitis C patients before IFN treatment was similar to that of the healthy controls and significantly increased only during the IFN administration period. These results confirm that IFN-alpha/beta induce IL-15 production and also suggest that IL-15 may be associated with type I IFN-induced immune response.
Adult↗
Factors influencing the effectiveness of oseltamivir and amantadine for the treatment of influenza: a multicenter study from Japan of the 2002-2003 influenza season.
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effectiveness of oseltamivir and amantadine for the treatment of influenza with respect to various clinical factors, a prospective multicenter study of the influenza season of 2002-2003 was done with 2163 patients whose condition was diagnosed by an antigen-detection test kit. METHODS: Oseltamivir was administered to 803 patients with influenza A (A+Os group) and 684 patients with influenza B (B+Os group). Amantadine was administered to 676 patients with influenza A (A+Am group). RESULTS: For each group, the duration of fever (i.e., body temperature, > or = 37.5 degrees C) was significantly shorter in patients who received the drug within 12 h after the onset of symptoms than in patients who received the drug > 12 h after the onset. For all 3 groups, the duration of fever was shorter in patients with a highest temperature < 39 degrees C than in patients with temperatures > or = 39 degrees C. The duration of fever was significantly longer for the B+Os group than for the A+Os group. Multiple regression analysis found that the type of influenza, the highest body temperature, and the time between the onset of symptoms and the start of treatment are independent factor that influence the duration of fever. CONCLUSIONS: Early administration increases the benefit of anti-influenza drugs--not only the benefit of oseltamivir treatment for influenza A, but also the benefit of amantadine treatment for influenza A and oseltamivir treatment for influenza B. Oseltamivir may be less effective as a treatment for influenza B than for influenza A. A highest body temperature of > or = 39 degrees C was an indicator of a longer duration of fever.
Acetamides↗
CD27(+) (memory) B cell decrease and apoptosis-resistant CD27(-) (naive) B cell increase in aged humans: implications for age-related peripheral B cell developmental disturbances.
To investigate age-related alterations in human humoral immunity, we analyzed the quantity and quality of peripheral B cell subsets, CD27-negative (CD27(-)) and CD27-positive (CD27(+)) B cells, by flow cytometry analysis in 54 aged individuals (mean age +/- SE, 74.6 +/- 0.7 years) and 30 young individuals (mean age +/- SE, 26.1 +/- 0.5 years). CD27(-) and CD27(+) B cells are regarded as naive and memory B cells, respectively. CD38, Ki-67, CD95 and bcl-2 were used as activation, proliferation and apoptotic markers. Susceptibility to apoptosis was evaluated by cell size and annexin-V binding in culture cells. The percentage of CD27(+) B cells was significantly lower in aged (mean, 19.2%) individuals than that in young individuals (mean, 28.2%). The opposite was true for CD27(-) B cells (mean, 80.8% in aged and 71.8% in young) (P < 0.01). The absolute number of CD27(+) B cells in aged individuals was significantly less than the number of CD27(-) B cells. The CD27(+) B cells from aged individuals showed little susceptibility to apoptosis, although CD95 expression on the CD27(+) B cells was significantly higher in the aged individuals than in the young individuals (P < 0.05). The CD38 and bcl-2 expression on the CD27(-) B cells was significantly higher in the aged individuals than in the young individuals (P < 0.05). In addition, the CD27(-) B cells from the aged individuals showed a decreased susceptibility to apoptosis compared with that of the young individuals. These findings suggested that human aging leads to both quantitative and qualitative alterations in the peripheral B cell developmental system, including memory and naive B cell balance and their surface phenotypes.
ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗
[Progress in diagnosis of viral infectious diseases: impact of rapid diagnosis kits].
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Humans↗
Nigerooligosaccharides augments mitogen-induced proliferation and suppresses activation-induced apoptosis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Nigerooligosaccharides (NOS), a mixture of nigerose and nigerosylmaltooligosaccharides, consists of immunopotentiating oligosaccharides found in foodstuffs. We have previously reported that activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to concanavalin A (Con A) or a streptococcal preparation of OK-432 is augmented in healthy young adults and elderly subjects after the intake of NOS-supplemented syrup. A reappraisal of the data suggests that NOS augments proliferation but partly suppresses activation-induced apoptosis of PBMC in response to these mitogens. To confirm this hypothesis, PBMC from healthy male subjects were stimulated with Con A or OK-432 in the presence of nigerose at the concentrations at which it was detected in the blood of subjects who had ingested NOS-supplemented syrup. Cellular activation, specifically metabolic demand, viability and proliferation, was assessed from glucose consumption, by WST-1 colorimetry and by 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine incorporation assay, respectively. The Con A-induced activation of PBMC in each measurement was significantly augmented by nigerose. OK-432-induced decreases in the viability of PBMC were significantly inhibited by nigerose. Stimulation of PBMC with Con A or OK-432 induced apoptosis, but nigerose suppressed such activation-induced cell death. These results indicated that nigerose activated PBMC in vitro in a manner similar to the process observed in vivo, providing further evidence for the effectiveness of consumption of NOS-supplemented syrup.
Adult↗
Increased frequency of CD27- (naive) B cells and their phenotypic alteration in HIV type 1-infected patients.
To investigate HIV-1-related B cell disorders, the quantity of peripheral CD27 negative (CD27-) B cells, their CD38, CD95, and bcl-2 intensities, and their apoptosis susceptibility were examined by flow cytometry analysis in 16 drug-naive patients, 27 HAART-treated patients, and 20 uninfected controls. CD27- B cells have been recognized as naive B cells. The mean percentage of CD27- B cells was significantly higher in drugnaive patients (88.1%) and in HAART-treated patients (83.9%) than in controls (68.6%) (p < 0.01). The intensities of CD38 and CD95 on CD27- B cells were significantly higher in drug-naive patients than in controls (p < 0.01). The intensity of CD95 on CD27- B cells in HAART-treated patients was lower than that of drug-naive patients, but significantly higher than that of controls (p < 0.01). The intensity of bcl-2 on CD27- B cells in drug-naive patients was lower than that of controls. In drug-naive patients, CD27-B cells with high CD38 expression represented low bcl-2 expression. The CD27- B cells of drug-naive patients showed an increased susceptibility to apoptosis, characterized by diminished cell size and a high frequency of annexin-V binding, compared with controls and HAART-treated patients. These findings suggested that HIV-1 infection affects peripheral CD27- (naive) B cells as well as CD27+ (memory) B cells and that CD27- B cells might be activated and rendered highly susceptible to apoptosis by HIV-1 infection. Some phenotypic alterations in CD27- B cells may continue after the reduction of HIV-1 loads by effective antiviral therapy.
ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗
Selective CD27+ (memory) B cell reduction and characteristic B cell alteration in drug-naive and HAART-treated HIV type 1-infected patients.
To investigate HIV-1-related B cell disorders, the quantity of CD27 positive (CD27+) B cells and their CD38, CD95, and bcl-2 intensities were examined by flow cytometry analysis in 16 drug-naive patients, 27 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated patients, and 20 uninfected controls. CD27+ B cells have been recognized as memory B cells. The mean percentage of CD27+ B cells was significantly lower in drug-naive patients (11.9%) and in HAART-treated patients (16.1%) than in controls (31.4%) (p < 0.01). The intensities of CD38 and CD95 on CD27+ B cells were higher in drug-naive patients than in controls (p < 0.01 in CD95). The intensity of CD95 on CD27+ B cells in HAART-treated patients was lower than that of drug-naive patients, but significantly higher than that of controls (p < 0.01). The intensity of bcl-2 on CD27+ B cells was equivalent among the three groups. These findings suggest that disturbance of peripheral B cell composition, exemplified by CD27+ B cell reduction, exists in both drug-naive and HAART-treated HIV-1-infected patients. In addition, the augmented apoptotic state of CD27+ B cells found in HAART-treated patients with undetectable viral loads, indicated by CD95 elevation, suggests that some HIV-1-related B cell disorders last for years after effective antiviral therapy.
ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗
[An analysis of the 2002-2003 influenza epidemic focusing on patients infected with types A and B in the same season sequentially].
A total of 2,320 cases of influenza A (1,517 cases) and B (803 cases) in the 2002-2003 influenza season were analyzed. Influenza infection was confirmed by a rapid diagnosis kit, based on the immunochromatography method, at 24 clinics in 18 of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Influenza A/H3N2 was reported between November 22 and April 12 (the median at January 21), and influenza B was reported between December 24 and April 20 (the median at February 16). The mean age of type B patients (16.7 years old) was significantly younger than that of type A patients (26.7 years old) (p < 0.001). Pneumonia was more frequently a complication of type A (0.63%) than of type B (0%, p < 0.05). Although 5 type A patients needed hospitalization, neither hospitalization nor death was associated with type B. Of the 2,293 cases, 27 (1.2%) were infected with both influenza of A and B. The age of these 27 patients ranged from 2 to 51 years (mean of 11.2 years), but 20 of the 27 patients were 9 years of age or under. Type B followed type A in 25 patients. The median date of these 25 type A patients was January 22, similar to that of all cases of type A, January 21. However, the median date of type B infection was March 3, 15 days later than that of all patients with type B, February 16. The mean age of the 27 cases was significantly younger than that of all cases of type A (p < 0.001) and type B (p < 0.05). In epidemics consisting of multiple types of influenza viruses, patients may be infected by more than one virus. This is especially true for children.
Adolescent↗
[Clinical symptoms of influenza infection in the 2002-2003 season].
The highest body temperature and clinical symptoms during the influenza infection were analyzed on 2,145 patients with influenza, (type A: 1,408cases, type B: 737cases: confirmed by a rapid diagnosis kit, Capilia FluA, B), and for 670 patients with a negative response to the rapid diagnosis kit (controls). The study was a multi-center study of the 2002-2003 influenza season. The percentages of patients with fever over 38 degrees C, 38.5 degrees C and 39 degrees C were significantly higher in influenza A than in influenza B or controls (16-64 yrs). Over 80% of the patients in all age groups of 0-6 yrs, 7-15 yrs, 16-64 yrs or over 64 yrs with influenza A or B had a cough. The percentage of patients with cough was significantly higher for patients with influenza A or B than for controls under 65 yrs. The percentages of influenza A or B patients with rhinorrhea or loss of appetite were significantly higher than in controls under 65 yrs. The percentage of patients reporting fatigue, headache or myalgia was significantly higher for influenza A than for controls of 16-64 yrs. Differences in symptoms, including fever, were minimal between influenza A and B patients under 16 yrs, and also among influenza A, B and controls in patients over 64 yrs. The percentage of patients with cough was not different among the three age groups by influenza A or B. However, the percentage of patients with rhinorrhea, loss of appetite, vomiting or diarrhea was higher in children under 16 yrs than in adults aged 16-64 yrs in influenza A or B. In conclusion, consideration must be given to the patient's age and the type of influenza when doing a symptomatic diagnosis of influenza. In addition, the use of a rapid diagnosis kit seems necessary for the diagnosis of influenza in elderly patients, who may have no specific symptoms of influenza.
Adolescent↗
Remarkably similar antigen receptors among a subset of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Studies of B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) expressed by leukemic lymphocytes from patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) suggest that B lymphocytes with some level of BCR structural restriction become transformed. While analyzing rearranged V(H)DJ(H) and V(L)J(L) genes of 25 non-IgM-producing B-CLL cases, we found five IgG(+) cases that display strikingly similar BCRs (use of the same H- and L-chain V gene segments with unique, shared heavy chain third complementarity-determining region [HCDR3] and light chain third complementarity-determining region [LCDR3] motifs). These H- and L-chain characteristics were not identified in other B-CLL cases or in normal B lymphocytes whose sequences are available in the public databases. Three-dimensional modeling studies suggest that these BCRs could bind the same antigenic epitope. The structural features of the B-CLL BCRs resemble those of mAb's reactive with carbohydrate determinants of bacterial capsules or viral coats and with certain autoantigens. These findings suggest that the B lymphocytes that gave rise to these IgG(+) B-CLL cells were selected for this unique BCR structure. This selection could have occurred because the precursors of the B-CLL cells were chosen for their antigen-binding capabilities by antigen(s) of restricted nature and structure, or because the precursors derived from a B cell subpopulation with limited BCR heterogeneity, or both.
B-Lymphocytes↗
A delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin reaction to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and intradermal hepatitis B vaccination.
The significance of a delayed type hypersensitivity skin reaction to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (HBs-DTH) in type B viral hepatitis (VHB) and in intradermal hepatitis B (HB) vaccination is reviewed. HBs-DTH could be developed by the intradermal injection of HB vaccine in anti-HBs positive people and also in persons immunized with HB vaccine. Thus, HBs-DTH could serve as a useful marker for the acquisition of an active Th1 type immunoreactivity to HBsAg. HBs-DTH was absent in patients with chronic VHB. In contrast, HBs-DTH developed early in the convalescent phase of the acute VHB, whereas the production of anti-HBs was significantly delayed, thus suggesting that HBs-DTH may be involved in the recovery mechanisms of acute VHB. Intradermal HB vaccination is useful not only in lowering the cost, but also in the rapid development of anti-HBs, reversing non-responsiveness, improving postexposure prophylaxis and in immunizing immunosuppressed people. A similar vaccination strategy should prove to be useful in prevention and control of not only other infectious diseases but also malignant neoplasms.
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens↗
A prospective, Internet-based study of the effectiveness and safety of influenza vaccination in the 2001-2002 influenza season.
The effectiveness of the influenza vaccine used in the 2001-2002 influenza season in Japan was investigated in a large-scale, geographically widely distributed, Internet-based study. Data were collected from 8841 of 9902 subjects registered by 38 clinics prior to the start of influenza season. Subjects were categorized into three groups by vaccination regimen: unvaccinated, vaccinated once, and vaccinated twice. Efficacy was also analyzed for three age groups: 0-15, 16-64, and 65-104 years. Influenza-like illness (ILI) was diagnosed according to Ministry of Health (MWH, Labor and Welfare in Japan) criteria. Laboratory-confirmed influenza cases were analyzed separately. The respective vaccine efficacy in the 0-15 years group for the one- and two-dose regimens was 67.6 and 84.5% for ILI and 54.0 and 79.8% for laboratory-confirmed influenza. Influenza vaccination was also shown to be effective in subjects 16-64 years. Vaccine effectiveness was not able to be determined for the over 65 years group, probably due to an insufficient number of infected patients. These results suggest that influenza vaccination is effective for children and adults and that a two-dose regimen is superior to a single dose in children 0-15 years.
Adolescent↗
[Evaluation of an immunochromatography test kit for rapid diagnosis of influenza].
We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the Capilia Flu AB rapid diagnosis kit for influenza that utilizes the immunochromatography method. Tested were 114 influenza like illness patients in the 2001/2002 influenza season. We used Capilia Flu AB and Infu A . B Quick, a rapid diagnosis kit based on enzyme immunoassay. As laboratory confirmation tests, influenza virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were done. Those patients with positive results from virus isolation or PCR were regarded as influenza patients. The sensitivities of nasal swab, pharyngeal swab, and nasal wash specimens were 82.8%, 80.0%, and 75.0%, respectively. The specificities of nasal swab, pharyngeal swab, and nasal wash specimens were 95.3%, 93.9%, and 100%, respectively. A total of 20 patients displayed different results in comparison of their nasal and pharyngeal swabs: 15 patients were positive with the nasal swab but negative with the pharyngeal swab and 5 patients were negative with the nasal swab but positive with the pharyngeal swab. Nasal swab would seem to be preferable in terms of sensitivity. The sensitivity and specificity of Capilia Flu AB were a little higher than those of Influ A . B Quick, but with no significant difference. The one-step operation of Capilia Flu AB is easier than the four steps required by Influ A . B Quick, but the time required to make a diagnosis is the same. No significant age related difference in the effectiveness of the kits was found. The Capilia Flu AB rapid diagnosis kit is useful in clinical practice because it has good sensitivity (about 80%) and specificity (about 90%), and it is easy to use.
Adolescent↗
[Clinical characteristic of the elderly in influenza infection].
Influenza is a serious disease for the elderly. Although influenza causes a high fever in the elderly similar to that of healthy adults, the cough lasts longer but frequency and degree of sore throat and coryza are lower in the elderly. A characteristic of influenza in the elderly is a high frequency of pneumonia complications. Decreased serum albumin level is a good indicator of the risk of post-influenza pneumonia. Rapid diagnosis kits have contributed to better diagnosis of influenza in clinical practice. In addition to amantadine, newly developed neuraminidase inhibitors are available for treatment of influenza. These drugs can mitigate various symptoms efficiently and hasten recovery. To treat influenza in the elderly, not only are prophylaxis and treatment of pneumonia important, but management of the general health condition is essential.
Age Factors↗
Two V(H)5 family genes expressed by human peripheral B cells display differential mutational frequencies in the V(H) region.
The heavy chain variable segment gene (V(H))5 family, one of the seven immunoglobulin (Ig) V(H) families, contains two functional genes, VH251 and VH32. To investigate functional differences between these V(H)5 family genes, V(H) segments expressed by human peripheral B cells were sequenced and analyzed. One hundred fifty-three sequences with unique V(H)DJ(H) recombinations were obtained from 17 adults. The mutational frequency of VH32 derived sequences (6.4%) was higher than that of VH251 derived sequences (4.4%), resulting in a significant difference (P<0.01). Significant differences in mutational frequencies between VH251 and VH32 derived sequences were observed in CDRs and FRs. No significant differences were found in CDR3 length distribution, D segment usage, or J(H) segment usage between VH251 and VH32 derived sequences. These results suggest that mutational frequency is affected, in part, by V(H) gene structure. The difference may occur after recombinational events in B cell development.
Adult↗