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Hao Chen

Publications and source records attributed to Hao Chen.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Interacting transcription factors from the three-amino acid loop extension superclass regulate tuber formation.

Using the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid system and a potato (Solanum tuberosum) KNOX protein, designated POTH1, as bait, we have identified seven distinct interacting proteins from a stolon library of potato. All seven cDNAs are members of the BEL1-like family of transcription factors. Among these proteins, there are at least four regions of high sequence conservation including the homeodomain, the proline-tyrosine-proline three-amino acid loop extension, the SKY box, and a 120-amino acid region upstream from the homeodomain. Through deletion analysis, we identified a protein-binding domain present in the carboxy end of the KNOX domain of POTH1. The protein-binding domain in the BEL1 protein is located in the amino-terminal one-half of the 120-residue conserved region of the BELs. RNA-blot analysis showed differential patterns of RNA accumulation for the BELs in various potato organs. The level of StBEL5 mRNA increased in response to a short-day photoperiod in both leaves and stolons. Similar to sense mutants of POTH1, transgenic lines that overexpressed StBEL5 exhibited enhanced tuber formation even under noninductive conditions. Unlike POTH1 sense lines, however, these BEL lines did not exhibit the extreme leaf and stem morphology characteristic of KNOX overexpressers and displayed a more rapid rate of growth than control plants. Both StBEL5 and POTH1 sense lines exhibited an increase in cytokinin levels in shoot tips. StBEL5 lines also exhibited a decrease in the levels of GA 20-oxidase1 mRNA in stolon tips from long-day plants. Our results demonstrate an interaction between KNOX and BEL1-like transcription factors of potato that may potentially regulate processes of development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Metabolism of (S)-5,6-difluoro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-3, 4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinazolinone, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in human liver microsomes. Metabolic activation and enzyme kinetics.

(S)-5, 6-Difluoro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-3, 4-dihydro- 2-(1H)-quinazolinone (DPC 963), a specific non-nucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase, is primarily metabolized in humans to the glucuronide conjugate of 8-OH DPC 963 (M8). Electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses of urine from subjects dosed with DPC 963 also revealed the presence of other minor metabolites including glucuronide conjugate of 6-OH DPC 963 (M7). An oxidative defluorination pathway involving a putative p-benzoquinone imine capable of being reduced to the hydroquinone (M7) is postulated. The formation of the benzoquinone imine [detected as a glutathione (GSH) adduct, M5] was primarily carried out by CYP3A4, whereas M8 was formed mainly by the polymorphic CYP2B6. The kinetic studies with human liver microsomes showed that the apparent K(m) and V(max) values for the formation of M5 were 65.8 microM and 25.6 pmol/min/mg of protein, respectively. The formation of M8 showed K(m) and V(max) values of 15.1 microM and 22.9 pmol/min/mg of protein, respectively. The microsomal studies also revealed the occurrence of a possible oxirene intermediate that was trapped as GSH adducts M3 and M4. It was demonstrated, for the first time, that CYP3A4 was capable of directly oxidizing the triple bond of the cyclopropyl ethynyl group to an unstable oxirene. The apparent K(m) and V(max) values for the formation of an oxirene (detected as the GSH adduct M3) were 1.9 mM and 10.2 pmol/min/mg of protein, respectively. These results suggest that CYP2B6 has a higher affinity than CYP3A4 toward DPC 963. This consequently leads to greater levels of CYP2B6-catalyzed product, M8, than CYP3A4-mediated bioactivation of DPC 963 to benzoquinone imine or oxirene intermediates.

Biotransformation↗
PubMed2003

[Research report of experimental database establishment of digitized virtual Chinese No.1 female].

OBJECTIVE: To establish digitized virtual Chinese No.1 female (VCH-F1) image database. METHODS: A 19 years old female cadaver was scanned by CT, MRI, and perfused with red filling material through formal artery before freezing and em- bedding. The whole body was cut by JZ1500A vertical milling machine with a 0.2 mm inter-spacing. All the images was produced by Fuji FinePix S2 Pro camera. RESULTS: The body index of VCH-F1 was 94%. We cut 8 556 sections of the whole body, and each image was 17.5 MB in size and the whole database reached 149.7 GB. We have totally 6 versions of the database for different applications. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with other databases, VCH-F1 has good representation of the Chinese body shape, colorful filling material in blood vessels providing enough information for future registration and segmentation. Vertical embedding and cutting helped to retain normal human physiological posture, and the image quality and operation efficiency were improved by using various techniques such as one-time freezing and fixation, double-temperature icehouse, large-diameter milling disc and whole body cutting.

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional↗
PubMed2003

[Kinetics and mechanism of removing Microcystis aeruginosa using clay flocculation].

Twenty-six natural clays were studied for their kinetics of flocculating and removing algal cells of Microcystis aeruginosa. According to the 8 h equilibrium removal efficiencies and removal rates at a clay-loading of 0.7 g.L-1, all the 26 clays were classified into three categories. Type-I clay, which includes talc, ferric oxide, sepiolite, ferroferric oxide, and kaolinite, has an equilibrium removal efficiency greater than 90%, a t50 (time needed to remove 50% of the algae) of less than 30 min, and a t80 (time needed to remove 80% of the algae) of less than 2.5 h. Type-II clay, which includes argillanceous rocks, attapulgite, rectorite, illite, and argil, etc., has an equilibrium removal efficiency of 50%-80%, a t50 of less than 2.5 h, and a t80 of more than 5 h. Type-III clay consists of 14 minerals, including laterite, zeolite, mica, clinoptilolite, pumice, tripoli, feldspar and quartz, etc. with the removal efficiency less than 50%, and t50 > > 8 h. When the clay loading was decreased to 0.1-0.2 g.L-1, the 8 h equilibrium removal efficiencies for 25 clays declined to below 60%, except for sepiolite, a Type-I clay, which maintained around 90%. After the sepiolite was modified with Fe3+ to increase its surface charge (Zeta potential from -24.0 mV to +0.43 mV at pH 7.4), the initial removal rate was increased remarkably although its 8 h equilibrium removal efficiency was not improved substantially. As a comparison, the 8 h equilibrium removal efficiency of PAC was no greater than 40% at loadings of 0.02-0.2 g.L-1. Following the analysis of the flocculation mechanism it was concluded that the effect of bridging and netting may play a key role in the clay-algae flocculation processes, which may be important for selecting and modifying clays to improve significantly the removal efficiency.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2003

[Relationship between the patients' knowledge on hypertension prevention and control and the rate on blood pressure control].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between blood pressure control status and patients' knowledge on hypertension prevention and control among hypertensive patients. METHODS: A total of 726 hypertensives were selected from four community health service centers (2 urban and 2 rural) in Beijing. All subjects were investigated by questionnaires and their blood pressures were measured at the same time. RESULTS: The rate for blood pressure under control (< 140/90 mm Hg, 1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) in the rural and urban patients were 46.4% and 23.9% respectively. The control rate increased with the increase of patients' knowledge on prevention and control of hypertension in both urban and rural patients. The cumulative effect of knowledge on hypertension control status could contribute 30.0% to the difference in hypertension control rate between rural and urban patients. CONCLUSION: Patients' knowledge on hypertension control was significantly related to the rate on hypertension control. Health education should be helpful to improve the rate on hypertension control.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[Expression and biological activities of TRAIL fusion protein gene].

AIM: To obtain and express the full-length of TRAIL gene in prokaryocytes. METHODS: The full-length of TRAIL gene was amplified from peripheral blood cells(PBCs)by RT-PCR and then cloned into the expression vector pGEX-2T. The TRAIL-GST was expressed in E.coli. RESULTS: Sequence analysis indicated that the sequence of TRAIL gene was identical with that in the GenBank. The TRAIL-GST was expressed in E.coli. Expressed product could inhibit the proliferation of KB and Hela cells and finally lead to their apoptosis. CONCLUSION: The TRAIL-GST with biological activity has been expressed in the prokaryotic system.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2002

Oliz, a suite of Perl scripts that assist in the design of microarrays using 50mer oligonucleotides from the 3' untranslated region.

BACKGROUND: Identifying reliable oligonucleotide sequences for use in microarray experiments is a complex process. Two key issues are the accuracy of the input sequences and the specificity of the oligonucleotide sequences. RESULTS: We provide a suite of Perl scripts that facilitates the search for gene-specific oligonucleotides for microarray experiments. Genes of interest are first identified in the form of UniGene clusters. The sequences of these clusters were extracted and assembled into contigs to increase their accuracy. The 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the contig was parsed. Then, multiple 50mer oligonucleotide sequences with similar melting temperature were obtained from each 3'UTR. These sequences were analyzed for gene specificity. Five Cy3-labeled cDNAs were used to empirically verify the specificity of a set of 1814 50mers. CONCLUSION: Oliz can be used to select oligonucleotide sequences for microarrays. Oliz is freely available for academic users at http://www.utmem.edu/pharmacology/otherlinks/oliz.html

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2002

2',3'-Dialdehydo-UDP-N-acetylglucosamine inhibits UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase, the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis.

Sialic acids comprise a family of terminal sugars essential for a variety of biological recognition systems. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase catalyzes the first step of their biosynthesis. Periodate-oxidized UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, namely 2',3'-dialdehydo-UDP-alpha-D-N-acetylglucosamine, was found to be an effective inhibitor of this enzyme, compared with the periodate oxidation products of compounds such as UDP, uridine or methyl riboside. It bound covalently to amino acids in the active site causing an irreversible inhibition. This compound may therefore represent a basis for the synthesis of potent inhibitors of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase and, as a consequence, of the biosynthesis of sialic acids.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Identification of human L-fucose kinase amino acid sequence.

Fucose is a major component of complex carbohydrates. L-Fucose kinase (fucokinase) takes part in the salvage pathway for reutilization of fucose from the degradation of oligosaccharides. The amino acid sequence of human fucokinase was derived from a cDNA encoding a protein of hitherto unidentified function. Human fucokinase polypeptide chain consists of 990 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 107 kDa. The C-terminal part of its amino acid sequence showed sequence motifs typical for sugar kinases. Fucokinase full-length protein and a deletion mutant lacking the first 363 amino acids of the N-terminus were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells. Both proteins displayed fucokinase activity. These results reveal that the discovered cDNA encodes the fucokinase protein and they confirm that a functional kinase domain is located in the C-terminal part of the enzyme.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2002

Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase by Müller cells after optic nerve damage and intravitreal application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Müller glia play an important role in maintaining retinal homeostasis, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has proven to be an effective retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neuroprotectant following optic nerve injury. The goal of these studies was to investigate the relation between optic nerve injury and Müller cell activation, and to determine the extent to which BDNF affects the injury response of Müller cells. Using immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis, temporal changes in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS) were examined in rats after optic nerve crush alone, or in conjunction with an intravitreal injection of BDNF (5 microg). GFAP protein levels were normal at 1 day post-crush, but increased approximately 9-fold by day 3 and remained elevated over the 2-week period studied. Müller cell GS expression remained stable after optic nerve crush, but the protein showed a transient shift in its cellular distribution; during the initial 24-h period post-crush the GS protein appeared to translocate from the cell body to the inner and outer glial processes, and particularly to the basal endfeet located in the ganglion cell layer. BDNF alone, or in combination with optic nerve crush, did not have a significant effect on the expression of either GFAP or GS compared with the normal retina, or after optic nerve crush alone, respectively. The data indicate that although BDNF is a potent neuroprotectant in the vertebrate retina, it does not appear to have a significant influence on Müller cell expression of either GS or GFAP in response to optic nerve injury.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Absence of the I-10 protein segment mediates restricted dimerization of the cartilage-specific fibronectin isoform.

The cartilage-specific (V + C)(-) fibronectin isoform does not efficiently heterodimerize with other V-region splice variants of fibronectin. To understand better the structural elements that determine this restricted dimerization profile, a series of truncated fibronectin expression constructs with various internal deletions in the V, III-15, or I-10 segments were constructed and co-transfected into COS-7 cells with either the V(+)C(+) or the (V + C)(-) isoform. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analyses of the resulting conditioned media suggest that the I-10 segment must either be present in both monomeric subunits of fibronectin or absent from both subunits for efficient dimerization to occur. Further studies suggest that the I-10 segment specifically, not simply a balanced number of type I repeats at the carboxyl terminus of each monomeric subunit, plays an important role in determining different fibronectin dimerization patterns. Neither I-11 nor I-12 could be substituted for segment I-10 without significantly reducing the formation of heterodimers. Therefore, absence of segment I-10 explains why (V + C)(-) fibronectin is not found in heterodimeric configurations with other native V-region splice variants in cartilage. The unique dimerization pattern of (V + C)(-) fibronectin does not prevent matrix formation yet is consistent with this isoform having specialized properties in situ that are important for either the structural organization and biomechanical properties of cartilage or the regulation of a chondrocytic phenotype.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Specific immunological detection of the (V+C)(-) fibronectin isoform.

The population of fibronectins in adult mammalian cartilage includes high levels of a cartilage-specific (V+C)(-) isoform which lacks the V, III-15, and I-10 segments and thus contains a novel junction between protein segments III-14 and I-11. We report production of a monoclonal antibody specific for (V+C)(-) fibronectin without cross-recognition of V(+)C(+) and V(-)C(+) isoforms found in plasma and other tissues. Presentation of epitope to this antibody requires the III-14/I-11 junction, but the epitope itself extends beyond 14 amino acids immediately surrounding the junction site and involves a conformational change in III-14 and/or the N-terminal portion of I-11. The antibody, designated Mab 5D10 anti (V+C)(-), displays specificity for (V+C)(-) fibronectin from multiple mammalian species including humans and utility in immunoblots, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Delineating novel metabolic pathways of DPC 963, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in rats. Characterization of glutathione conjugates of postulated oxirene and benzoquinone imine intermediates by LC/MS and LC/NMR.

The metabolic activation of (S)-5,6-difluoro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinazolinone, DPC 963, in rats was investigated by identifying and characterizing the GSH and mercapturic acid conjugates excreted in the bile and urine, respectively. The structures of these adducts, which were unequivocally elucidated by LC/MS/MS and NMR experiments, revealed the existence of at least three distinct metabolic pathways leading to these products. One of the pathways, which has been described previously, involves the activation of the acetylene group after an initial hydroxylation on the methine carbon of the cyclopropyl ring. Metabolite M1 was demonstrated to be formed via this pathway after an enzymatic addition of GSH across the triple bond of the substituted acetylene. The second pathway, also previously described, leads to diastereoisomeric GSH adducts M3 and M4 after the formation of a highly reactive oxirene intermediate. This postulated oxirene subsequently rearranges to an alpha, beta-unsaturated cyclobutenyl ketone intermediate capable of undergoing a 1,4-Michael addition with a nucleophile such as GSH. In addition to these pathways, DPC 963 was found to undergo a metabolic activation previously undescribed for structural analogues of this compound. It is postulated that an oxidative defluorination mediated by cytochrome P450 leads to the formation of a putative benzoquinone imine intermediate which subsequently reacts with GSH to form two aromatic ring-substituted regioisomeric conjugates, M5 and M6. In addition to forming the GSH adducts, the benzoquinone imine was also found to be reduced to its unreactive hydroquinone metabolite, which was excreted as the glucuronide conjugate in rat bile. Studies with induced rat microsomes, cDNA-expressed rat P450 isozymes, and polyclonal antibodies against rat P450 clearly demonstrated that the rat P450s 3A1/3A2 were responsible for the formation of postulated oxirene and benzoquinone intermediates.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Structure and function of N-acetylglucosamine kinase. Identification of two active site cysteines.

N-Acetylglucosamine is a major component of complex carbohydrates. The mammalian salvage pathway of N-acetylglucosamine recruitment from glycoconjugate degradation or nutritional sources starts with phosphorylation by N-acetylglucosamine kinase. In this study we describe the identification of two active site cysteines of the sugar kinase by site-directed mutagenesis and computer-based structure prediction. Murine N-acetylglucosamine kinase contains six cysteine residues, all of which were mutated to serine residues. The strongest reduction of enzyme activity was found for the mutant C131S, followed by C143S. Determination of the kinetic properties of the cysteine mutants showed that the decreased enzyme activities were due to a strongly decreased affinity to either N-acetylglucosamine for C131S, or ATP for C143S. A secondary structure prediction of N-acetylglucosamine kinase showed a high homology to glucokinase. A model of the three-dimensional structure of N-acetylglucosamine kinase based on the known structure of glucokinase was therefore generated. This model confirmed that both cysteines are located in the active site of N-acetylglucosamine kinase with a potential role in the binding of the transferred gamma-phosphate group of ATP within the catalytic mechanism.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed2002

Managing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS): human papillomavirus testing, ASCUS subtyping,or follow-up cytology?

OBJECTIVE: This study related morphologic subtype, human papillomavirus status, and a second cytologic examination to the follow-up biopsy-proven high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL; grade II or III cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) after a cytologic diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). STUDY DESIGN: Seven hundred four liquid-based cervical cytology specimens were classified as normal, "ASCUS, favor reactive" (AFR), "ASCUS, not otherwise specified," "ASCUS, favor low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion," "ASCUS, favor HSIL" (AFHS), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and HSIL. Human papillomavirus typing used polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. A longitudinal review of the cytologic and histologic records of ASCUS cases with > or =1 follow-up test or biopsy ascertained the frequency of a follow-up diagnosis of biopsy-proven HSIL (grade II or III cervical intraepithelial neoplasia). RESULTS: Three hundred eighty-six cases (208 ASCUS, 68 normal, 86 with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 24 with HSIL) were evaluated. High-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV positive) was lowest with normal cytology (13%), highest with HSIL (71%), and was present in 29.8% of ASCUS cases, ranging from 22.2% (AFR) to 75% (AFHS). Most ASCUS tests (64%) were followed by a negative cytologic or histologic examination. Overall, 3.8% and 11% of ASCUS and HRHPV-positive ASCUS had histologic outcomes of HSIL. AFHS had the highest (25%) and AFR had the lowest (1.1%) proportion of HSIL outcomes. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values of human papillomavirus testing for biopsy-proven HSIL were 87.5%, 72.5%, and 11.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: HSIL and AFHS are distinguished by the highest frequency of HRHPV types and higher rates of HSIL outcome. The remaining categories of ASCUS are heterogeneous with respect to human papillomavirus type and HSIL risk, and the value of subclassification of these entities is dependent on the practice. A human papillomavirus detection system based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism identifies a smaller percentage of high-risk human papillomaviruses than mixed probe-based methods, probably because of the more precise exclusion of cross-reacting low-risk human papillomavirus. Negative HRHPV findings by either system show a markedly reduced risk of an HSIL outcome. However, the relative advantage of human papillomavirus testing over follow-up cytology will be influenced by the frequency of negative follow-up cytologic examination and sensitivity of liquid-based preparations in a given practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Purification and characterization of N-acetylneuraminic acid-9-phosphate synthase from rat liver.

Sialic acids are a group of carboxylated amino sugars important for a variety of cellular functions. N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is the predominant sialic acid in nature. Neu5Ac-9-phosphate synthase catalyzes the formation of Neu5Ac-9-phosphate from N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate. Neu5Ac-9-phosphate synthase was purified 11,700-fold from rat liver cytosol to apparent homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on hydroxylapatite, phenyl-Sepharose, MonoQ, and finally gel filtration. SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography indicated that the enzyme is a dimer composed of 37-kDa subunits. Analysis of trypic peptides by MALDI-TOF MS verified a high sequence similarity to the corresponding murine enzyme. The K(m) values of Neu5Ac-9-phosphate synthase were 35 microM for N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate and 100 microM for phosphoenolpyruvate. The enzyme displayed an absolute requirement for divalent cations, Mn(2+), Fe(2+), and Mg(2+) being the most effective. In contrast to human Neu5Ac-9-phosphate synthase, the rat enzyme did not utilize mannose-6-phosphate in the synthesis of 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid 9-phosphate. Neu5Ac-9-phosphate synthase was inactivated by the sulfhydryl modifying reagents, 5,5'-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) and N-ethylmaleimide, and protected from inactivation by the presence of the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate, but not by the presence of N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate, showing that at least one cysteine residue is located in the active site of the enzyme.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

CYP1A-mediated metabolism of the Janus kinase-3 inhibitor 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structural basis for inactivation by regioselective O-demethylation.

Here we report the phase I metabolism of the rationally designed Janus kinase-3 (JAK) inhibitor 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (WHI-P131; JANEX-1). JANEX-1 was metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in a regioselective fashion to form the biologically inactive 7-O-demethylation product 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6-methoxy-7-hydroxyquinazoline (JANEX-1-M). Our molecular modeling studies indicated that the CYP1A family enzymes bind and demethylate JANEX-1 at the C-7 position of the quinazoline ring since the alternative binding conformation with demethylation at the C-6 position would result in a severe steric clash with the binding site residues. The metabolism of JANEX-1 to JANEX-1-M in pooled human liver microsomes followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with V(max) and K(m) values (mean +/- S.D.) of 34.6 +/- 9.8 pmol/min/mg and 107.3 +/- 66.3 microM, respectively. alpha-Naphthoflavone and furafylline, which both inhibit CYP1A2, significantly inhibited the formation of JANEX-1-M in human liver microsomes. There was a direct correlation between CYP1A activities and the magnitude of JANEX-1-M formation in the liver microsomes from different animal species. A significantly increased metabolic rate for JANEX-1 was observed in Aroclor 1254-, beta-naphthoflavone-, and 3-methylcholanthrene-induced microsomes but not in clofibrate-, dexamethasone-, isoniazid-, and phenobarbital-induced microsomes. The formation of JANEX-1-M in the presence of baculovirus-expressed CYP1A1 and 1A2 was consistent with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The systemic clearance of JANEX-1-M was much faster than that of JANEX-1 (5525.1 +/- 1926.2 ml/h/kg versus 1458.0 +/- 258.6 ml/h/kg). Consequently, the area under the curve value for JANEX-1-M was much smaller than that for JANEX-1 (27.5 +/- 8.0 versus 94.8 +/- 18.4 microM. h; P < 0.001).

Animals↗