Biomedical subjects

H Yoshida

Publications and source records attributed to H Yoshida.

At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

Pulmonary venous flow in normal dogs recorded by transthoracic echocardiography: techniques, anatomic validations and flow characteristics.

To observe pulmonary venous flow in dogs, the echocardiographic imaging planes and the techniques for examination, and the validations of anatomic location were investigated. Then, the velocity pattern of pulmonary venous flow was recorded in normal conscious dogs. Six imaging planes were available for observing the right or left caudal lobe pulmonary venous flow with two-dimensional or pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Of these, the left lateral apical 4-chamber view can be applied as standard view, because the pulmonary venous flow and transmitral flow could be recorded in this view simultaneously with small sampling angle. The velocity pattern of pulmonary venous flow demonstrated two forward waves in 19 of 20 dogs examined, with one peak occurring during ventricular systole and another during ventricular diastole. A reversed flow during atrial contraction was also seen in 11 dogs. In the two forward waves, the mean peak velocity and velocity-time integral of ventricular diastolic forward flow were significantly higher than those of systolic forward flow (46.49 +/- 6.79 vs. 31.13 +/- 4.92 cm/s, p < 0.0001 and 8.18 +/- 1.84 vs. 5.14 +/- 0.82 cm, p < 0.0001, respectively). The deceleration time of diastolic forward flow shortened with the increase of heart rate (r = -0.87, p < 0.0001). Pulmonary venous flow in dogs can be observed under transthoracic two-dimensional or pulsed Doppler echocardiography.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Urinary bladder rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) in a young Newfoundland dog.

A 13-month-old female Newfoundland dog suffered from urinary bladder tumor. Histologically the tumor consisted of round or fusiform cells, occasionally having eosinophilic cytoplasms. Apparent mature rhabdomyoblasts possessing elongated eosinophilic cytoplasm and cross striations were infrequently observed. The tumor cells exhibited immuno-positive for anti-myoglobin, desmin and vimentin antibodies. Ultrastructurally, tumor cells have abundant myofibrils in their cytoplasm and Z bands were also detected. The present tumor was diagnosed as a urinary bladder rhabdomyosarcoma in a Newfoundland dog, which has not been frequently reported in dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Development of the Alexithymia Scale for Children: a preliminary study.

The Alexithymia Scale for Children-Teacher Form was developed with a sample of 286 elementary schoolchildren. The validity and reliability of the measure were supported by factor analytic structure, relatively high internal consistency, test-retest correlation over 2 mo., and correlations of .24 to .39 with scores on the Yatabe-Guilford Personality Test. Factor analysis yielded two factors related to alexithymia, Difficulty in Describing Feelings and Difficulty Relating to Others. Alexithymia constructs such as a paucity of fantasy life and externally oriented thinking were not recorded.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMed1998

Finger skin temperature and laser-Doppler finger blood flow in subjects exposed to hand-arm vibration.

OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to assess the peripheral circulatory functions of forestry workers exposed to hand-arm vibration, using simultaneous measurements of finger skin temperature (FST) and finger blood flow (FBF). METHODS: The subjects were five men with vibration-induced white finger (VWF), four subjects with numbness in their hands and five exposed controls without any signs or symptoms related to vibration syndrome. Simultaneous measurements of FST and laser-Doppler FBF were performed before, during and following a 10-min recovery period after the hand was immersed in cold water (10 degrees C, 10 min). Partitional measurements of finger blood flows could be made between the capillaries and deeply located vessels using two laser-Doppler flow probes having narrower and wider optic fiber separations. RESULTS: The FST as well as the FBF of the capillary and deeply located vessels during and following the cold immersion test in those with VWF and in the subjects with numbness had a slight increase immediately following the cold immersion and no tendency to be augmented as the time span increased. After the cold immersion test, the control group had significantly greater FST and FBF compared to other groups. Particularly, from the 5th to the 10th min after the cold provocation, the values of FBF of the deeply located vessels in those with VWF were significantly lower than the controls. During the course of observation, the FST had significantly linear relationship with the recorded capillary and deep FBF values, and that was much closely correlated with the deep FBF (i.e., P < 0.01 in each selected condition). The slope of the regression lines in the capillary were steeper and shallow in the deep FBF. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the measurement of capillary FBF, more detailed and accurate information on the peripheral circulatory functions of vibration-exposed subjects can be obtained by including the assessment of the deep FBF.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

[Slowly progressive IDDM with rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto disease in high elderly].

We report a 79-year-old woman case of slowly progressive IDDM (SPIDDM) with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Hashimoto disease. High titer of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD) with a value of 16,400 U/ml (normal value: less than 5 U/ml) and deteriorated secretion of insulin, and clinical course led to the diagnosis of SPIDDM. Both anti-islet cell and anti-insulin antibodies were negative. One year prior to the diagnosis, at 78 years of age, she was newly diagnosed with NIDDM and had been medicated with sulfonylurea and voglibose, resulting her glucose levels well-controlled. Four months before admission, a gradual increase of plasma glucose was noticed, while oral hypoglycemic agents were fully administrated. On admission, her glycemic control was revealed as follows; a fasting blood glucose level of 458 mg/dl and an HbA1 C level of 14.3%. Urinary CPR was 22.5 micrograms day. Her insulin secretion was proved not to be induced with intravenous glucagon injection. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp test showed the normal glucose uptake ratio; 9.5 mg/kg/min. Moderate doses of subcutaneous insulin (20 units daily) were effective on her diabetes control. She was newly diagnosed with Hashimoto disease that required thyroid hormone replacement 50 micrograms per day after having developed NIDDM. High titer of anti-thyroglobulin antibody (46.9 U/ml) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (81.5 U/ml) were observed. The patient had been medicated for RA with anti-inflammatory drugs since her early seventieth. Rheumatoid factor was elevated to 127.7 IU/L and, anti-nuclear antibody (x 80) and anti-DNA antibody (x 80) were present. It may be of interest that a specific phenotype of HLA; A24 (9) and DR9 recognized to be susceptible to IDDM was detected in the high-elderly onset SPIDDM. Taken together HLA typing with her history of both RA and Hashimoto disease, our case may provide the information to the mechanism of pathogenesis of SPIDDM. Furthermore, to out knowledge, this is the first case of SPIDDM in the aged; 75-year-old or more.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

[Polymyalgia rheumatica and myelitis associated with anti-cardiolipin antibody].

A 78-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital on September 14, 1992, because of systemic myalgia and stiffness, joint pain, and gait disturbance. She had begun to feel headache and pain in the neck and shoulder in the middle of August, 1992. The pain became systemic, and was accompanied by a low-grade fever, which was unresponsive to NSAIDs. On admission, she had no joint swelling or deformities in the extremities. Neurological examination revealed weakness in the right leg, hypoalgesia below the left C4 level, hyperreflexia in the right extremities, and right Babinski's sign. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was very high (100 mm/h). Levels of other acute phase reactants were also high. Tests for antinuclear antibody and anti-cardiolipin antibody were positive, but a test for rheumatoid factor was negative. Creatine kinase activity was within normal limits. A T1-weighted magnetic resonance image of the cervical spine at 0.5 T showed an intramedullary low signal. A T2-weighted image showed a borderless spindle-like high signal. Four nodules enhanced by Gd DTPA were seen at C1-C4. The age at onset, myalgia, stiffness, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were considered to be consistent with a diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica. Glucocorticoid treatment was therefore started, and a dramatic clinical improvement was evident within a few days. The patient was discharged from hospital on November 30, 1992. To our knowledge, myelopathy complicated by polymyalgia rheumatica has never been reported previously. Recently, some patients with polymyalgia rheumatica have been reported to have anti-cardiolipin antibody in serum. In the present case anti-cardiolipin antibody may have played a role in the formation of microemboli or in angitis of the cervical spine.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Computerized tomography angiography of ruptured cerebral aneurysms: factors affecting time to maximum contrast concentration.

OBJECT: This study was conducted to assess the diagnostic value of three-dimensional computerized tomography (3-D CT) angiography in demonstrating cerebral aneurysms in 42 consecutive patients presenting with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: To obtain the volume data for selective visualization of the cerebral arteries without enhancement of the venous system, the time delay was established between the injection of contrast medium and the start of scanning by using two different methods. The circulation time was calculated with Schad's formula in the first 13 cases, but the results were not satisfactory. In the 29 subsequent cases the time delay was established using a single-level dynamic CT prescan. The dynamic prescan demonstrated the statistical differences in peak time with regard to patient age, SAH grade, and the postresuscitation state after cardiopulmonary arrest. The 3-D CT angiograms were generated from the volume data by using a voxel transmission method. Computerized tomography angiography obtained after optimally adjusted time delay demonstrated the contour of the cerebral arteries in 97% of cases, and aneurysms were detected in 93%. Enhancement of the cavernous sinus and major cortical veins was avoided. Even in patients who suffered cardiopulmonary arrest, images of the major arteries were clearly demonstrated after resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: In an emergency situation, CT angiography with a dynamic prescan may be an alternative to magnetic resonance angiography or digital subtraction angiography in the diagnosis of ruptured aneurysms. This modality would also be useful for the precise assessment of small aneurysms, blebs, and aneurysms adjacent to the cavernous sinus.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Effects of soy protein isolate (SPI) and casein on the postprandial lipemia in normolipidemic men.

To elucidate the effects of soybean protein and casein on postprandial lipemia, oral fat load tests were performed before and 3 weeks after the administration of soy protein isolate (SPI) and casein supplement to normolipidemic men. Eleven normolipidemic male subjects on otherwise identical controlled diets were assigned to either a 20 g/d soy protein isolate (SPI) dietary supplement or a casein dietary supplement for three weeks in a crossover design. Fat load tests with 40 g/m2 of bovine milk fat were carried out before and after 3 weeks on the experimental dietary supplements. Fasting plasma concentrations of lipids and apolipoproteins were not significantly different from baseline levels before or after the administration of SPI or casein supplemented diets. Neither SPI nor casein supplement affected the fasting plasma concentrations of lipids and apolipoproteins. The areas under the incremental curve (AUIC) of triglyceride (TG) and remnant-like particles triglyceride (RLP-TG) after both experimental diets were not significantly different from those before the experimental diets. However, the AUIC of remnant-like particles cholesterol (RLP-C) showed a tendency (p = 0.07) to decrease after administration of the diet supplemented with SPI than before the diet. The AUIC of RLP-C was significantly (p < 0.05) lower after the diet supplemented with SPI than after administration of the diet supplemented with casein. These results suggest that 3 weeks of 20 g/d SPI dietary supplement favorably affects the postprandial remnant lipoprotein response as compared to the casein dietary supplement.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Impaired tumorigenicity of IL-4-producing murine neuroblastoma cells in immunodeficient nude mice.

We have examined antitumor effect of murine neuroblastoma cells (C1300) retrovirally transduced with interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene in syngeneic A/J and nude mice. Although in vitro proliferation of IL-4-secreting C1300 cells (C1300/IL-4) was not different from that of wild-type cells, the in vivo tumor growth of C1300/IL-4 cells subcutaneously inoculated into immunocompetent A/J mice was retarded compared with that of wild-type cells and consequently, the survival of the A/J mice which received C1300/IL-4 cells was prolonged. In immunodeficient nude mice we observed accelerated growth rate of wild-type tumors in comparison with the tumors developed in A/J mice. In contrast, the tumor growth of C1300/IL-4 cells in nude mice was significantly suppressed and the growth was much slower than that of C1300/IL-4 cells inoculated in A/J mice. Thus, the secretion of IL-4 from tumor cells produced antitumor effect more efficiently in mature T cell-defective hosts than in immunocompetent mice. Our results suggest a possible clinical application of IL-4 expression in tumor cells via genetic manipulations especially in immunocompromised cancer patients.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Antitumor vaccine effect of irradiated murine neuroblastoma cells producing interleukin-2 or granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor.

We have examined vaccination effects of cytokine-producing murine neuroblastoma cells (C1300). C1300 cells retrovirally transduced with interleukin-2 (IL-2) or granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulation factor (GM-CSF) gene were established. Their in vitro proliferation rates and the class I expression of major histocompatibility complex were not different from those of wild-type cells. Five-Gy irradiation of the respective cytokine producers slightly reduced the in vitro cell growth but treatment with 15 Gy significantly impaired the proliferation. In contrast, the secretion of both cytokines from the respective transduced cells was retained compared with the cell growth. We immunized syngeneic mice with irradiated wild-type cells as a control or cytokine-producing cells and challenged the mice with unirradiated wild-type cells. The control mice developed tumors of the challenged wild-type cells, on the contrary, the mice which had received irradiated IL-2 or GM-CSF producers did not. Thus, IL-2- or GM-CSF-expressing syngeneic tumor cells can be potentially used as a tumor vaccine by inducing protective immunity against low immunogenic neuroblastomas in the inoculated hosts.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Heterogeneous expression of nm23 gene product as a predictor of lymph nodal status in human breast cancer.

The nm23 gene was originally identified by differential hybridization of metastatic murine melanoma cell lines. Some experimental studies demonstrated a significantly low metastatic potential of melanoma cell lines transfected with the nm23 gene. In this study, we clarified the relationship between intracellular nm23-immunoreactivity and lymph nodal status of human breast cancer. We analyzed 82 surgically removed breast tumors including 67 invasive carcinomas (ductal, lobular and mucinous carcinomas). The nm23 expression was diffusely positive in the benign tumors and non-invasive carcinomas. Of the invasive ductal carcinomas, lymph node metastasis was found in 67.7% (21/31) of the focally positive/negative cases and in 18.2% (4/22) of the diffusely positive cases (p<0.001). Immunohistochemically, advanced margins of invasive carcinomas with lymph node metastasis were shown to be negative for nm23 expression, while intraductal carcinoma components were positive. This observation suggested that focally positive/negative nm23 expression can be a predictor of lymph node metastasis of invasive ductal breast carcinoma.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed1998

Basic and clinical studies on ApoE gene typing by line probe assay (LiPA) as a biological marker for Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: multicenter study in Japan.

The fundamental reagent capability and clinical significance of ApoE gene typing has been investigated. The result of each test shows that the reagent capability satisfied the expected standard. Four-hundred thirty-nine samples classified into three groups (Alzheimer's disease (AD), other types of dementia and nondementia) were measured to examine the clinical significance. The rate of epsilon 4 genotype of each group was 31.5%, 14.6%, 10.4%, respectively. The AD group had a higher rate than the other groups (p < 0.001). The measurement of ApoE genotype is suggested to be useful as one of the guidelines in the diagnosis of AD.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

[Induction of apoptosis in murine cytomegalovirus infection].

Cytomegalovirus(CMV) infection is associated with several of lymphocyte dysfunction, as well as bone marrow dysfunction, but the precise mechanisms of the dysfunction are still unclear. Splenic T cells of murine CMV (MCMV)-infected mice contained a higher percentage of hypodiploid nuclei and a higher amount of fragmented DNA than those of naive mice, indicating that infection with MCMV induced the apoptotic cell death of T cells. Fas-dependent as well as Fas-independent pathways were suggested to be involved in this induction of apoptosis. Bone marrow cells, especially mature granulocytes in bone marrow, also showed evidence of apoptotic cell death after infection. Involvement of tumor necrotic factor-alpha, but not of Fas, was suggested in the induction of apoptosis of bone marrow cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Automated measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and its relation to red blood cell concentration and plasma proteins.

A new automated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) system, the SEDISYSTEM was evaluated for its stability and accuracy. It offers automated mixing of vacuum-collected blood for 5 minutes (min) and reading of the ESR for 20 min to generate values comparable with those of the Westergren method at 1 hour (h) and 2 h. The benefits are (1) simplified procedure, (2) reduction of biohazard and, (3) shortening of examination time. To evaluate the basic performance of this system, the stability of ESR values was first evaluated by keeping samples at room temperature for up to 20 h, during which time no remarkable change was observed. Next, a comparison between this system and the standard method of Westergren was conducted and good agreement was obtained. To determine the factors affecting ESR values, correlations were analyzed between the ESR obtained by SEDISYSTEM and the standard Westergren method for red blood cell concentration, hematocrit, and plasma proteins including fibrinogen, albumin and globulins (alpha1, alpha2, beta and gamma). Multiple regression analysis showed significant correlation with RBC, fibrinogen and gamma globulin. It is concluded from these results that SEDISYSTEM is a useful new tool for the measurement of ESR.

Automation↗

PubMed1998

[The clinical significance of plasma tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) levels in severe acute or fulminant hepatitis].

We studied the tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) levels in the plasma of patients with acute hepatitis (AH), severe acute hepatitis (AHs) and fulminant hepatitis (FH). Plasma t-PA levels were measured consecutively on the first, third and seventh days of hospitalization. Plasma t-PA levels were markedly higher in AHs and FH than in AH (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively) on the first day, but did not differ significantly between AHs and FH on this day. The t-PA levels decreased markedly on the third and seventh days in AHs (both p < 0.05), but did not change from the first day to the third and seventh days in FH. The t-PA levels on the third and seventh days were higher in FH than in AHs (both p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the plasma t-PA level before an episode of encephalopathy in FH compared with levels in AHs. These observations suggest that t-PA level may be useful as a prognostic parameter in patients with acute hepatic injury.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1998

[Survey of the sensitivities of clinical isolates to antibacterial agents (annual report)].

Research groups were formed in 21 institutions nationwide to investigate carbapenem resistance. The activities of various antibacterial agents, principally carbapenems were tested against clinical isolates collected from these institutions. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 17 antibacterial agents for 1,282 strains of 11 bacterial species isolated at all institutions between October and December 1995. The results were as follows: 1. Carbapenems exhibited strong antibacterial activities against MSSA and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Their activities against Enterococcus faecalis were comparable to that of ABPC. Carbapenems showed low activities against MRSA. 2. OFLX exhibited the greatest antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae, followed by MEPM. The antibacterial activities of the other carbapenems were comparable to those of FMOX and CTM. 3. The carbapenems showed high activities against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Bacteroides fragilis group. Their activities were greater than that exhibited by other beta-lactam antibacterial agents. The carbapenems also exhibited greater antibacterial activities against Serratia marcescens than the other beta-lactam antibacterial agents, but some resistant strains were detected. 4. The antibacterial activities of carbapenems against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were comparable to those of CAZ, AZT, AMK.

Carbapenems↗

PubMed1998

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (1996). I. Susceptibility distribution].

The frequencies of isolation and susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents were investigated on 680 bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 10 hospitals during the period of June 1996 to May 1997. Of the above bacterial isolates, Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 30.4% and a majority of them were Enterococcus faecalis. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 69.6% and most of them were Escherichia coli. Susceptabilities of several isolated bacteria to antimicrobial agents were as followed; 1. Enterococcus faecalis Ampicillin (ABPC) showed the highest activity against E. faecalis isolated from patients with UTIs. Its MIC90 was 1 microgram/ml. Imipenem (IPM) and vancomycin (VCM) were also active with the MIC90S of 2 micrograms/ml. The others had low activities with the MIC90S of 16 micrograms/ml or above. 2. Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA Arbekacin (ABK) and VCM showed the highest activities against both S. aureus and MRSA isolated from patients with UTIs. The MIC90S of them were 1 or 2 micrograms/ml. The others except minocycline (MINO) had low activities with the MIC90S of 32 micrograms/ml or above. 3. Staphylococcus epidermidis ABK and VCM showed the strongest activities against S. epidermis isolated from patients with UTIs. The MICs for all strains were equal to or lower than 2 micrograms/ml. Cefazolin (CEZ), cefotiam (CTM) and cefozopran (CZOP) were also active with the MIC90S of 4 micrograms/ml. Compared with antimicrobial activities of cephems is 1995, the MIC90S of them had changed into a better state. They ranged from 4 micrograms/ml 16 micrograms/ml in 1996. 4. Streptococcus agalactiae All drugs except MINO were active against S. agalactiae. ABPC, CZOP, IPM, and clarithromycin (CAM) showed the highest activities. The MICs for all strains were equal to or lower than 0.125 micromilligrams. Tosufloxacin (TFLX) and VCM were also active with the MIC90S of 0.5 micromilligrams. 5. Citrobacter freundii Gentamicin (GM) showed the highest activity against C. freundii isolated from patients with UTIs. Its MIC90 was 0.5 micrograms/ml. IPM and amikacin (AMK) were also active with the MIC90S of 1 microgram/ml and 2 micrograms/ml, respectively. Cefpirome (CPR) and CZOP were also active with the MIC90S of 8 micrograms/ml. The MIC90S of the others were 16 micrograms/ml or above. 6. Enterobacter cloacae IPM showed the highest activity against E. cloacae. The MICs for all strains were equal to or lower than 0.5 microgram/ml. The MIC90S of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and TFLX were 1 microgram/ml, the MIC90 of AMK was 2 micrograms/ml, the MIC90S of CZOP, GM and ofloxacin (OFLX) were 4 micrograms/ml. The MIC50S of cephems except CEZ, cefmetazole (CMZ) and cefaclor (CCL) had changed into a better state in 1996, compared with those in 1995. 7. Escherichia coli All drugs except penicillins and MINO were active against E. coli. Particularly CPR, CZOP and IPM showed the highest activities against E. coli. The MIC90S of them were 0.125 microgram/ml or below. Among E. coli strains, those with low susceptibilities to cephems except CEZ, cefoperazone (CPZ), latamoxef (LMOX) and CCL have increased in 1996, compared with those in 1995. 8. Klebsiella pneumoniae K. pneumoniae was susceptible to all drugs except penicillins, with the MIC90S of 2 micrograms/ml or below. CPR had the strongest activity, the MICs for all strains were equal to or lower than 0.25 microgram/ml. Flomoxef (FMOX), cefixime (CFIX), CZOP and carumonam (CRMN) were also active with the MIC90S of 0.125 microgram/ml or below. 9. Pseudomonas aeruginosa All drugs except quinolones were not so active against P. aeruginosa with the MIC90S were 32 micrograms/ml or above. Quinolones were more active in 1996 than 1995. The MIC90S of them were between 4 micrograms/ml and 8 micrograms/ml, and the MIC50S of them were between 1 microgram/ml and 2 micrograms/ml. 10. Serratia marcescens GM showed the highest activity against S. marcescens. Its MIC90 was 1 micro

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1998

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (1996). II. Background of patients].

Clinical background was investigated on patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) from whom 752 bacterial strains were isolated in 10 hospitals during the period from June, 1996 through May, 1997. 1. Distribution of age and sex of patients and type of infections. Among males, those with ages 40 years or older were more frequent, the higher the ages of them. Among females, those with ages in the 60's were the most frequent (24.6%), and those with ages in the 20's, 40's and 50's were about 13%. With regard to type of infections, more than a half of infections among males with ages 30 years or older were of complicated types, but most of infections among females were of uncomplicated types, especially among females of ages less than 60 years. 2. Ages of patients and types of pathogens. The higher the ages of patients, the lesser became the isolation frequencies of Escherichia coli, but the higher were those of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. 3. Effect of antibiotic use on isolation frequencies of pathogens. Use of antibiotics decreased pathogens isolated from patients with uncomplicated UTIs drastically (231 isolates before antibiotics compared to 60 after). Even isolated pathogens from patients with complicated UTIs decreased drastically with the use of antibiotics when indwelling catheters were not in use (193 isolates before antibiotics compared to 75 after), but when indwelling catheters were in use, antibiotics apparently failed to decrease the isolation frequency. 4. Surgical procedures and types of causative organisms for UTIs. From cases of uncomplicated UTIs, E. coli was the most frequently isolated, followed by Enterococcus Faecalis and Klebsiella spp. E. coli was the most frequently isolated organism from complicated UTIs without indwelling catheters. When a surgical procedures were not done, E. coli was isolated most frequently. From cases of complicated UTIs with indwelling catheters, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and E. faecalis were the organisms that were mainly isolated, with isolation frequencies of 23.2%, 15.2, 12.2, respectively. When no surgical procedures were used, isolation frequencies of P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis and Enterobacter spp. were 17.2%, 13.8%, 13.8%, respectively.

Adolescent↗