Biomedical subjects

H Watanabe

Publications and source records attributed to H Watanabe.

At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Majonoside-R2 reverses social isolation stress-induced decrease in pentobarbital sleep in mice: possible involvement of neuroactive steroids.

Majonoside-R2 (MR2) is a major ocotillol-type saponin constituent of Vietnamese ginseng. We investigated the effect of MR2 on the social isolation stress-induced decrease in pentobarbital sleep in mice, and elucidated the possible involvement of neurosteroidal sites of the GABA(A) receptor complex in the pharmacological activity of MR2. MR2 (3.1-6.2 mg/kg, i.p. or 5-10 microg, i.c.v.) dose-dependently reversed the decrease in pentobarbital sleep caused by social isolation stress to the level of sleep in the group-housed mice, but it had no effect on pentobarbital sleep in group-housed mice. Allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (5alpha-pregnane-3alpha,21-diol-20-one, allo-THDOC; 12.5 microg, i.c.v.), the positive allosteric modulator of the GABA(A) receptor, and alpha-helical CRF(9-41) (alpha hCRF; 25 microg, i.c.v.), the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist, also reversed the decrease in pentobarbital sleep caused by social isolation stress. The reversing effects of i.c.v. MR2 and i.c.v. allo-THDOC on the decrease in pentobarbital sleep in isolated mice were significantly attenuated by pregnenolone sulfate (10 microg, i.c.v.), the steroidal negative allosteric modulator of the GABA(A) receptor. In contrast, when injected i.c.v., MR2, as well as allo-THDOC and alpha hCRF, significantly reversed the decrease in pentobarbital sleep induced by pregnenolone sulfate (10 microg, i.c.v.) and CRF (10 microg, i.c.v.) in group-housed mice. These results suggest that the reversing effect of MR2 on the social isolation stress-induced decrease in pentobarbital sleep is mediated by the neurosteroid site on the GABA(A) receptor complex in mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Involvement of supraspinal GABA receptors in majonoside-R2 suppression of clonidine-induced antinociception in mice.

Majonoside-R2 (MR2) is a major constituent of Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis, Ha et Grushv. Araliaceae) that is known to exhibit antagonistic activity against opioid-induced antinociception. In this study, we investigated the effect of MR2 on the antinociception caused in mice by the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine, and elucidated the role of supraspinal GABAergic systems in this effect of MR2. The systemic administration of clonidine (0.5-2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) dose-dependently suppressed the nociceptive response of mice in the tail-pinch and hot-plate tests. The intraperitoneal (i.p.), intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intrathecal (i.t.) administration of idazoxan (a selective alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist) significantly antagonized the antinociceptive effect of clonidine in both tests. MR2 administered systemically (1.5-6.2 mg/kg, i.p.) or centrally (5-10 microg/mouse, i.c.v. or i.t.) dose-dependently antagonized the clonidine (1 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced antinociception in the tail-pinch test but not in the hot-plate test. The antagonistic effect of i.c.v. MR2 on the systemic clonidine-induced antinociception in the tail-pinch test was significantly reversed by i.c.v. administrations of the selective benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil (5 microg/mouse) and the GABA(A) antagonist picrotoxin (0.25 microg/mouse). These results suggest that the supraspinal GABA(A)/benzodiazepine receptors are involved in the antagonistic effect of MR2 on the clonidine-induced antinociception in the tail-pinch test in mice.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗

PubMed1997

Involvement of supraspinal GABA-ergic systems in clonidine-induced antinociception in the tail-pinch test in mice.

We investigated the involvement of supraspinal GABAergic systems in the antinociceptive effect of clonidine using the tail-pinch test in mice. Muscimol (31.2-250 ng/mouse, i.c.v.) and R(+)-baclofen (10-100 ng/mouse, i.c.v.), selective agonists for the GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors, respectively, significantly attenuated the antinociceptive effect of subcutaneously (s.c.) administered clonidine (1 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. The attenuating effect of muscimol (62.5 ng/mouse, i.c.v.) on the clonidine-induced antinociception was significantly blocked by the GABA(A) antagonists bicuculline (100-400 ng/mouse, i.c.v.) and picrotoxin (250 ng/mouse, i.c.v.) but not by the GABA(B) antagonist 2-hydroxysaclofen (10 microg/mouse, i.c.v.). On the other hand, the attenuating effect of R(+)-baclofen (50 ng/mouse, i.c.v.) was blocked by the coadministration with 2-hydroxysaclofen (20 microg/mouse), but was not affected by the coadministration with bicuculline (400 ng/mouse). These results indicate that both supraspinal GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors play inhibitory roles in the antinociception caused by systemically administered clonidine.

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists↗

PubMed1997

Ultrastructural evidence of abnormally short and maldistributed actin stress fibers in osteopetrotic (toothless) rat osteoblasts in situ after detergent perfusion.

Osteopetrosis is a heterogenous group of metabolic bone diseases characterized by a generalized increase in skeletal mass, the product of reduced bone resorption and interceptions in the development and/or function of osteoclasts. In one such mutation in the rat, toothless (tl), osteoblasts are absent from older bone surfaces and there is evidence for aberrant osteoblast gene expression and function. Given the emerging appreciation of the role of osteoblasts in the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts, we have examined ultrastructural features of the cytoskeleton of normal and mutant osteoblasts after perfusion fixation with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. This procedure reduces the electron density of the cytoplasm, rendering visible the microfilamentous network in osteoblasts. In normal osteoblasts a prominent system of stress fibers (bundles of actin microfilaments) run parallel to the cell membrane adjacent to osteoid surfaces, stretching for 75% of that distance. However, only 50% of mutant (tl) osteoblasts had stress fibers and in these cells stress fibers were either significantly shorter (18% of normal) or distributed intracellularly rather than along the osteoid surface. In mutant osteoblasts without stress fibers, 20% showed ultrastructural signs of cell degeneration. Given the role of stress fibers in cellular attachment ot extracellular matrices, these observations suggest that the reduced number of osteoblasts in tl rats may be related to their inability to organize actin filaments and adhesion plaques for attachment to bone surfaces. We propose that a feature of osteopetrosis in the tl rat is a disruption of the mechanisms that regulate the synthesis, sorting, and/or assembly of actin.

Actins↗

PubMed1997

Correlation of presumed circle area ratio with infravesical obstruction in men with lower urinary tract symptoms.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the predictive value of ultrasonic measurements obtained by transrectal ultrasonography for infravesical obstruction as evaluated by pressure flow studies. METHODS: In 85 men with moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms, ultrasonic measurements including prostatic volume, transition zone volume, transition zone index (transition zone volume/prostatic volume), and presumed circle area ratio (PCAR) were compared with urodynamic parameters obtained by pressure flow studies. RESULTS: There were significant interrelationships between these ultrasonic measurements, which were all significantly greater in the obstructed patients than in the unobstructed patients. A simple regression analysis demonstrated that prostatic volume (r = 0.362, P < 0.001), transition zone volume (r = 0.373, P < 0.0005), transition zone index (r = 0.331, P < 0.005), and PCAR (r = 0.487, P < 0.0001) correlated significantly with the Abrams-Griffiths number. More importantly, a multiple regression analysis demonstrated PCAR to be the only independent determinant of the Abrams-Griffiths number. A receiver operator characteristics curve analysis showed that 0.8 was the most suitable cutoff value of PCAR for the prediction of infravesical obstruction with a diagnostic accuracy of 76.5%. CONCLUSIONS: PCAR is useful as a transrectal ultrasonic measurement in assessing the severity of infravesical obstruction in men with lower urinary tract symptoms.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

alpha2-Adrenoceptor antagonists reverse the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist suppression of head-twitch behavior in mice.

The alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine, as well as 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, reportedly suppress 5-HT2 receptor-mediated head-twitch behavior. We investigated the effect of alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonists on the suppressive action of 5-HT2 receptor antagonists in mice pretreated with the noradrenaline toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA). In normal mice, idazoxan (0.08-0.2 mg/kg, IP) or yohimbine (0.2-2.0 mg/kg, IP), both alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonists, had no effect on the head-twitch response caused by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT; 16 mg/kg, IP), but idazoxan significantly enhanced the response at 0.5 mg/kg. On the other hand, these alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonists, at doses that had no effect on the basal number of head-twitches (idazoxan 0.2 mg/kg and yohimbine 0.5 mg/kg), significantly attenuated not only the suppressive effect of clonidine (0.01 mg/kg, IP) on head-twitch response but also that of the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ritanserin (0.03 mg/kg, IP). Moreover, idazoxan (0.2 mg/kg) also significantly reversed the inhibition by 0.01 mg/kg (IP) ketanserin, a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Pretreatment with 6-OHDA plus nomifensine but not with p-CPA significantly attenuated the effect of idazoxan (0.2-0.5 mg/kg) on the ritanserin inhibition of the head-twitch response. Prazosin, an alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist, dose-dependently suppressed the response, and the effect of prazosin (1.25 mg/kg) was significantly attenuated by 0.5 mg/kg idazoxan. These results indicate that endogenous noradrenaline is involved in the apparent antagonistic interaction between selective alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonists and 5-HT2 receptor antagonists in the head-twitch response, and suggest that noradrenaline stimulation of alpha1-adrenoceptors may be involved in this apparent antagonism.

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists↗

PubMed1997

NMDA but not AMPA receptor antagonists impair the delay-interposed radial maze performance of rats.

The effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists CGS19755 and MK801 and the 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist YM90K on spatial working memory were investigated by using a delay-interposed radial-arm maze (RAM) task in rats. CGS19755 and MK801, at the largest dose that had no effect on the performance in the nondelayed RAM task, significantly decreased the initial correct response after the 5-min delay in the delay-interposed RAM task. In contrast, YM90K had no effect on the initial correct response and arm reentries in both the delay-interposed and nondelayed RAM task. CGS19755, MK801 and YM90K, at all doses tested, did not alter the running time in either the delayed or the nondelayed RAM tasks. These results suggest that spatial working memory can be impaired by a blockade of NMDA receptor function and that such impairment is particularly sensitive to delay interposition. The lack of effect of the AMPA receptor antagonist provides additional evidence of the importance of the NMDA subtype of the glutamate receptors in cognitive processes.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Candidates for cognitive enhancer extracted from medicinal plants: paeoniflorin and tetramethylpyrazine.

A traditional Chinese medicine, Shimotsu-to, consisting of four herbs: Japanese angelica root, cnidium rhizome, peony root and rehmannia root, has been reported to improve spatial working memory in rats. The present results indicate that Paeoniflorin and tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) extracted from peony root and cnidium rhizome, respectively, are candidates for cognitive enhancer.

Aging↗

PubMed1997

NMDA antagonists potentiate scopolamine-induced amnesic effect.

The effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate NMDA receptor antagonists on scopolamine-induced amnesia and on delay-interposed short-term memory performance were investigated using an 8-arm radial maze in rats. Scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist, deteriorated the radial maze performance, while MK-801, an NMDA receptor channel blocker and CGS-19755, a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, showed no obstruction to the spatial cognition in the non-delayed maze task. MK-801 (0.01-0.03 mg/kg, i.v.) and CGS-19755 (1-10 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly augmented scopolamine-induced deficit in the non-delayed maze task and impaired the short-term memory in the 5-min delay-interposed task. These results suggest that NMDA antagonists have a negative action on short-term memory and that the interaction between the NMDA and the central muscarinic system plays a role in modulating the cognitive function.

Amnesia↗

PubMed1997

The appearance of unusual phenotypic cells (CD4+ Mac-1+ class II+) in the liver of (NZW x BXSB)F1 mice is possibly an animal model for autoimmune hepatitis.

The male (NZW x BXSB)F1 (W/BF1) mouse, a murine model for autoimmune diseases, shows hepatosplenomegaly with lymphoid cell infiltration in the liver by 20 weeks of age. The majority of infiltrating cells are T cells, B cells and plasma cells, as seen in autoimmune hepatitis. Together with the increase in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels, anti-dsDNA antibody (Ab) and circulating immune complex (CIC) levels increase with age. These findings are compatible with those of autoimmune hepatitis in humans. In addition, a unique finding in this mouse is the accumulation of CD4+ Mac-1+ Class II+ cells in the sinusoidal space. The cells have the capacity to proliferate and differentiate into macrophages in vitro, indicating that they are the precursors of macrophages. This W/BF1 mouse provides a useful tool for not only analyzing the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis but also establishing a new therapeutic strategy for it. In addition, we discuss the significance of the appearance of abnormal cells in autoimmune-prone mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Preliminary results of power Doppler imaging in benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Power Doppler imaging was performed in 77 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms to characterize Doppler blood-flow signals in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Pulsatile blood flows were detected in all patients, demonstrating a significant increase of the resistive index (RI) in BPH cases (n = 40, 0.72 +/- 0.05, p < 0.0001), compared to those with a healthy prostate (n = 37, 0.64 +/- 0.04). Of 40 patients with BPH, 28 (70%) had an RI of 0.70 or higher; all but 1 patient with a healthy prostate (1 of 37, 3%) had an RI lower than 0.70 (p < 0.0001). In all 10 patients with BPH, the elevated RI decreased significantly to a normal control level after surgical treatment (0.72 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.64 +/- 0.05, p < 0.001). In conclusion, Doppler RI might be useful as a new urodynamic parameter in BPH.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Central serotonin level-dependent changes in body temperature following administration of tryptophan to pargyline- and harmaline-pretreated rats.

1. The effect of tryptophan on body temperature was studied in rats pretreated with pargyline, an irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), and harmaline, a reversible MAOI. 2. Tryptophan (100 mg/kg IP) produced hypothermia followed by hyperthermia in pargyline-pretreated rats, and hypothermia in harmaline-pretreated rats, but tryptophan did not cause body temperature changes by itself. 3. The tryptophan-induced hypo- and hyperthermic effects, which peaked at about 1 and 6 hr after tryptophan administration, respectively, were accompanied by a significant increase in serotonin (5-HT) levels in the pargyline-pretreated rat brain (75%-138.7% and 207%-240.9% increase, respectively), and the 5-HT levels in the hyperthermic state were significantly higher than those in the hypothermic state. 4. In harmaline-pretreated rats, tryptophan also increased the central 5-HT levels (80.5%-95.5% increase) in the hypothermic state, and the effect peaked at about 1 hr after tryptophan administration. The central 5-HT levels in harmaline-pretreated rats slightly decreased at 6 hr after tryptophan administration and were significantly lower than those in the hyperthermic state in the pargyline-pretreated rats. 5. Tryptophan (100 mg/kg IP) administration decreased 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) levels, 5-HT turnover, and dopamine (DA) turnover in the brain of pargyline-pretreated rats, but these parameters were not significantly different between the hypothermic and hyperthermic states (i.e., at 1 and 6 hr after tryptophan administration, respectively). 6. These results suggest that the tryptophan-induced body temperature change depends on the different 5-HT levels in the brain and that the 5-HT level needed to induce hyperthermia is higher than that needed to induce hypothermia.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Using a reference point and videokeratography for intraoperative identification of astigmatism axis.

PURPOSE: To estimate the misalignment of the astigmatism axis caused by intraoperative identification of the axis without using reference points. SETTINGS: Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan. METHODS: This study included 38 eyes of 19 patients with no ocular pathology except refractive error and 32 eyes of 16 patients with cataract. A point was marked on the nasal conjunctiva, on the "intraoperative" horizontal axis as estimated by the examiner using a surgical microscope while the patient lay on the operating table in the supine position. Videokeratography was performed with the patient seated, and the degree of axial misalignment was determined by measuring the angle between the conjunctival mark and the horizontal axis identified on the video image. RESULTS: Mean axial misalignment for all patients was 4.4 degrees +/- 2.8 (SD), which could theoretically cause about a 15% loss of surgical effect. The maximal misalignment was 14 degrees, which would correspond to a 48% loss of astigmatic correction. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that intraoperative identification of the astigmatism axis without using reference points may reduce the surgical effect because of axis misalignment. The use of a reference point and preoperative videokeratography may increase the accuracy of identification of the astigmatism axis.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Magnesium lithospermate B ameliorates cephaloridine-induced renal injury.

To determine whether magnesium lithospermate B ameliorates renal injury induced by cephaloridine, the effect of cephaloridine was investigated in rats given magnesium lithospermate B for 20 days preceding cephaloridine administration and in control rats given no magnesium lithospermate B. In the control rats, blood and urinary parameters and the activity of radical-eliminating enzymes in the renal tissue deviated from the normal range, indicating damage to the kidneys. In contrast, rats given magnesium lithospermate B showed decreased urine volume, increased urinary osmotic pressure, and decreased urinary levels of glucose, protein, sodium and potassium, denoting less damage to the kidney. In this group, the urinary nitrite/nitrate ratio, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the renal tissue were increased, while the malondialdehyde levels were decreased, suggesting the involvement of radicals in the normalizing of kidney function. The increased levels of urea nitrogen in the blood of rats with induced renal failure were also lowered by administering magnesium lithospermate B.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Up-regulation of the estrogen receptor by triiodothyronine in rat pituitary cell lines.

The effects of thyroid hormones on estrogen receptor (ER) levels in four different rat pituitary clonal cell lines designated as MtT/Se, SM, S and E, were investigated. When T3 was added at 10(-7) M, a significant increase in ER was evident after 9 h with maximum levels reached after 24-48 h in MtT/Se (270% of control), MtT/SM (160%) and MtT/S (140%). No significant increase was noted in MtT/E cells in which the T3 receptor (T3R) level was only one-tenth of that in the other cells, suggesting a direct link between ER expression and T3R binding. ER levels began to increase at 10(-10) M and reached maxima at 10(-8) M in MtT/Se, SM and S cells. Up to 10(-5) M of retinoic acid (RA) did not change ER levels in any of the cell lines. When Se cells were treated with cycloheximide before T3 administration, the increase in ER was completely blocked. Northern blot analysis of total RNA isolated from T3-treated MtT/Se cells revealed a limited 1.4-fold increase in ER mRNA at 10(-7) M. In conclusion, thyroid hormones (but not RA) increase ER levels in pituitary cells by a process requiring protein synthesis, and which is accompanied by an increase in the mRNA.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Site of secretion and properties of endogenous endo-beta-1,4-glucanase components from Reticulitermes speratus (Kolbe), a Japanese subterranean termite.

Two endo-beta-1,4-glucanase components (YEG1 and YEG2) of the endogenous cellulase from the Japanese subterranean termite, Reticulitermes speratus, were purified to homogeneity using gel filtration and hydroxylapatite chromatography, and their enzymatic properties were investigated. Using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), YEG1 and YEG2 had M(r) of 42 kDa and 41 kDa, respectively. Both components had an optimal pH of 6.0, an optimal temperature of 50 degrees C and were stable at 40 degrees C for at least 30 min. Both components showed high activity on sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), 73.6 U/mg protein for YEG1 and 83.4 U/mg protein for YEG2. The K(m) values of YEG1 and YEG2 on CMC were 1.83 mg/ml and 1.48 mg/ml, respectively. YEG1 did not hydrolyse cellotetraose or cellotriose, whereas YEG2 hydrolysed cellotetraose to cellobiose and cellotriose to cellobiose and glucose. Both YEG1 and YEG2 hydrolysed cellopentaose to cellotriose and cellobiose. Neither component hydrolysed cellobiose. The hydrolytic products from crystalline cellulose (Sigmacell type 20) by YEG1 and YEG2 were cellobiose and a trace amount of glucose. Polyclonal mouse anti-serum raised against YEG2 crossreacted with YEG1, suggesting a common origin for both components. Using this anti-serum, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed the presence of YEG1 and YEG2 in the salivary glands, but not in the midgut epithelium. The data suggest that the salivary glands are the site of secretion of endo-beta-1,4-glucanase in R. speratus.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Evaluation of an automatic-mode image processing method in chest computed radiography.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The automatic image processing mode of the storage phosphor computed radiography system was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dedicated chest unit designed for erect view was used to examine a chest phantom. Lucite plates 1, 2, and 3 cm thick that conformed to the shape of the lung were attached to the phantom, and images were obtained in automatic and manual image processing modes. The changes in the optical density of the lung, rib, and heart and the changes in contrast were measured. The degree of diffuse opacity due to the plates and the visibility of superimposed simulated nodular and honeycomb opacities were evaluated. RESULTS: The decrease in optical density and contrast caused by increasing thickness of the Lucite plates was less pronounced in the automatic mode compared with the manual mode. When plates were placed only on the right lung, the optical density and the contrast on the contralateral side either increased or remained unchanged with the automatic mode. The degree of diffuse opacity was rated higher in the manual mode, and the visibility of superimposed simulated opacities was considered relatively constant in the automatic mode. CONCLUSION: The automatic image reading mode used in the computed radiography chest system may mask the detection of abnormalities such as diffuse homogeneous lung opacity.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗

PubMed1997

Presence of Vicia graminea lectin- and Vicia unijuga lectin-binding (Vgu) glycoprotein in human amniotic fluid and some of its chemical and serological properties.

Vicia graminea- and Vicia unijuga-binding glycoprotein (Vgu glycoprotein) has been reported as a malignant tumor-associated antigen, which is found in various kinds of malignant tumor-tissues and ascitic and cyst fluids of malignant tumor patients, but not found in 20 kinds of normal human tissues. The glycoprotein reacts with anti-N lectins of Vicia-graminea (VGA) and Vicia unijuga (VUA), but does not react with anti-blood group M and N sera. The existence of Vgu glycoprotein in human amniotic fluid is reported here. A perchloric acid-soluble glycoprotein fraction (PASF) was prepared from human amniotic fluid (AF-PASF). Sialoglycoprotein was then separated from AF-PASF by consecutive gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300, HPLC on Asahipak GS-710 and affinity chromatography in VUA-conjugated formyl-cellulofine columns. The sialoglycoprotein with 9.6% (w/w) carbohydrate content showed a molecular mass of 2940 kDa estimated by HPLC gel filtration. The sialoglycoprotein showed reactivity with VGA and VUA, but did not react with anti-M and -N sera. In addition, the sialoglycoprotein reacted with lectins of Ulex europeus, Arachis hypogaea, Maclura pomifera, Canavalia ensiformis, Ricinus communis, Phaseolus vulgaris, Sambucus nigra and Sophora japonica. These results show that Vgu glycoprotein exists in human amniotic fluid, and that Vgu glycoprotein obtained from human amniotic fluid has a similar serological property to Vgu glycoproteins found in malignant tumor-tissues, but its chemical property is significantly different from that of malignant-tumor associated Vgu glycoproteins.

Amino Acids↗