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Biomedical subjects

H V Wyatt

Publications and source records attributed to H V Wyatt.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1986

Injections and AIDS.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Injections and poliomyelitis: what are the risks of vaccine associated paralysis?

Provocation by injections can increase the risk of paralytic poliomyelitis by up to 25 fold. In England and Wales the risk of provocation paralysis from DPT given with oral poliovirus is 1 to 2 cases per million children immunized. Cases in India following immunization with oral poliovaccine and DPT are likely to be caused by wild rather than vaccine virus. Most cases of poliomyelitis in the Third World probably follow provocation by unsterile and unnecessary injections. There should normally be very few cases due to immunization. Injections should be sterile and only given when necessary.

Diphtheria Toxoid↗
PubMed1985

Provocation of poliomyelitis by multiple injections.

Injections of vaccines provoked paralytic poliomyelitis in children in the UK and elsewhere. The effect of multiple injections has not been recognized previously but could be important in the tropics where children receive many injections. A number of epidemics of poliomyelitis between 1914 and 1962 are related to children with congenital syphilis or yaws under treatment with arsenicals or penicillin. Rates of 25% of children with paralysis occurred in epidemics while in non-epidemic periods the increase in susceptibility was about 25 fold. Other possible cases of provocation are discussed. Although in the tropics injections before paralysis may be causal, it will be difficult to prove that they are not coincident. The very high rate of paralysis following multiple injections is powerful evidence that injections in the tropics are often causal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The popularity of injections in the Third World: origins and consequences for poliomyelitis.

Paralysis from poliomyelitis may follow injections yet injections are extremely popular in the Third World. Some injections are given by hospital doctors and nurses but the majority are given by traditional healers, pharmacists and paramedical workers who have acquired syringes. Many injections may be given to a sick child. I suggest that the early use of vaccines did not persuade people of the mystic of injections and that the mystic predated the use of penicillin. The earliest mystical result would have been the injection of quinine for malaria and antrypal for sleeping sickness. The words brilliant, spectacular and dramatic were first used to describe the mass campaigns against yaws and kala-azar in the 1920s and 1930s. A single injection healed the ugly lesions in a week: cause and effect were visible. In the 1950s penicillin was used in mass eradication campaigns. The countries where injections are so popular correspond roughly with the areas of mass eradication programmes. Many or perhaps most of the injections are not sterile and present a great risk of attendant paralysis. Proof that injections are causal may be impossible. Meanwhile we need to know why injections are so popular and how they can be less so.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1982

Poliomyelitis.

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Child↗
PubMed1979

Poliomyelitis in the fetus and the newborn. A comment on the new understanding of the pathogenesis.

A survey of the literature shows that although poliovirus may be recovered from fetuses whose mothers have paralytic poliomyelitis, there is no evidence that the fetuses themselves are affected. It is suggested that if postnatal poliomyelitis results from an autoallergic response not developed in the fetus, then poliovirus cannot enter the CNS of the fetus. When a mother has paralytic poliomyelitis at delivery the neonate has a 40 per cent chance of poliomyelitis, with a case fatality rate of about 50 per cent. It is suggested that most of these neonates become infected by virus entry into the exposed olfactory and nasal nerve endings after the membranes have burst. This would explain the very short incubation period and the high case and case fatality rates.

Female↗
PubMed1978

Abortive poliomyelitis or minor illness as a clue to genetic susceptibility.

The model of genetic susceptibility to poliomyelitis has been used to examine minor illness caused by poliovirus infection. It is suggested that persons who are genetically susceptible but who have not converted to phenotypic susceptibility are those who develop minor illness. The overall rates of the sum of paralytic and minor illness are close to the predicted 26%. For families with a case of illness, the prediction that 58%--71% of the children become ill has been examined. The rates of illness in children of different ages in the same families should be similar. Data from a number of epidemics is shown to be consistent with the predictions of the model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Genetic susceptibility to wild and vaccine polio virus: genotypes and their frequency.

The frequency of proposed genotypes which predispose to poliomyelitis, is tabled. Susceptibility is due to a gene or linkage group of genes with a frequency of 2% for the homozygote and 24% for the heterozygote. Two subgroups are identified where a second gene might make the persons susceptible to vaccine strains of virus. Cutter vaccinees might form a third group with increased susceptibility under special circumstances. The age at which genetic susceptibility changes to phenotypic susceptibility may be modified by physical factors such as those due to congenital syphilis and Salvarsan, and thalidomide.

Adult↗