Increased relapse of duodenal ulcers in patients treated with cognitive psychotherapy.
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
Biomedical subjects
H Ursin
Publications and source records attributed to H Ursin.
Tachistoscopic and questionnaire methods for the measurement of psychological defences.
Only few attempts have been made to compare different methods aiming at quantifying defensive strategies. In this study the tachistoscopic Defence Mechanism Test (Kragh, 1960b and 1985) is compared to paper-and-pencil tests of defence. There were virtually no correlations between the DMT and the other measures of defence. This may indicate that the concept of defence is a highly complex one. It is suggested that the Defence Mechanism Test may be measuring primary defence while defence questionnaires may be assessing more secondary forms of defence. The two questionnaires used for assessing defence correlated significantly, while a scale for social desirability showed no correlation with DMT or the two defence questionnaires.
Adult↗
Psychological factors and self-reports of muscle pain.
Factorial analyses of subjectively felt health complaints in a population of 400 males and 74 females revealed nine orthogonal (independent) factors. One factor (Factor 4) involved pain in the neck, pain in the back, pain in arms and shoulders, and migraine. This type of complaint did not relate to anxiety and depression. The prevalence of muscle pains varied between the sexes, and the types of occupations. Shiftwork was also important. 54% of the women and 40% of the men in the total population had some forms of muscle pain, but only 8% of the women and 3% of the men felt this to be a really serious problem. Psychological factors explained only moderate amounts of variance of muscle pain when the population was taken as a whole. However, within each type of occupation, psychological factors explained a considerable amount of the variance.
Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
Factor analysis of the evaluation form for selecting patients for short-term anxiety-provoking psychotherapy. The Bergen project on brief dynamic psychotherapy.
The selection criteria of Sifneos' short-term anxiety-provoking psychotherapy has been assumed to consist of two separate dimensions, resources and motivation. A factor analysis revealed three factors: ego-resources, motivation for psychotherapy and motivation or desire to change. The resource items on the evaluation form constitute one factor as assumed, it is the items on the motivation section that are split into two independent factors. The evaluation form might become more useful if the motivation items are reorganized according to the two different dimensions of the concept.
Adult↗
Assessment for three different forms of short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Findings from the Bergen Project.
Forty-four patients were assessed for three different short-term dynamic therapies, with an evaluation form based on Sifneos' criteria for Short-Term Anxiety-Provoking Psychotherapy (STAPP). Ten patients were ascribed to STAPP, 22 patients to Malan's Brief Psychotherapy (BP), and 12 patients to a more eclectic/integrative form of brief psychotherapy in this project called the FIAT model. 78% of the patients completed their treatment in agreement with the original ascription to therapy, with good results for all three therapies. The evaluation form seems to be a reliable and valid instrument offering a good and systematic basis for designing a tailor-made treatment format for different types of patients.
Adult↗
Quality of poststressor rest influences the ulcerative process.
Gastric ulceration in rats is exacerbated by allowing a so-called recovery period after exposure to an ulcerogenic stressor. One hypothesis, which has support from pharmacological studies, argues that this effect is brought about by a rebound of parasympathetic activation. We tested this parasympathetic rebound hypothesis by presenting animals with a fear-inducing (sympathetic-activating) conditioned stimulus (CS) after 2 hr of water-restraint stress. Contrary to the hypothesis, presentation of such a CS increased severity of ulceration compared with those animals that did not receive the CS after restraint stress and control animals. These ulceration data favor instead a sustained activation hypothesis for ulceration, whereby presentation of the CS effectively prolonged the length of time during which animals were under stress, thus enhancing the degree of ulceration. Measurement of plasma corticosterone however indicated a negative correlation between adrenocortical activity and degree of gastric ulceration, contrary to that expected by a sustained activation hypothesis. It is suggested that this inconsistency may be because of the activating of a pituitary-endorphinogenic mediated stress analgesia.
Animals↗
The ulcerogenic effect of a rest period after exposure to water-restraint stress in rats.
Shock-induced gastric ulceration in rats is exacerbated by allowing animals to rest between the period of stress and sacrifice. Conflicting data have been reported for similar post-stress rest effects using restraint stress. In Experiment 1, rats restrained in water for 2 h and then allowed a 2-h rest period exhibited significantly greater gastric ulceration than rats sacrificed immediately after the 2-h restraint-in-water stress period. The strength of this phenomenon is confirmed by Experiment 2, in which rats challenged with restraint in water for 1.25 h and then allowed a 1.25-h rest period before sacrifice exhibited greater ulceration than animals maintained in the restraint-in-water stress for the full 2 1/2 h. Corticosterone levels for these two treatment groups were similar at the time of sacrifice. Post-stressor rest therefore actively contributes to the ulcerogenic processes initiated by this form of stress challenge.
Animals↗
Ethical issues in stress research: facts, fiction, and rational decisions.
The controversy over the use of animals in stress research is partly based on the assumption that we know what is and what is not stressful and pathological for the organism. The data show that our intuitive preconceptions are often misguided. Any understanding of the stress phenomenon and its relationship to disease must be founded on hard empirical data. Discussion of the use of animals in stress research should also take into account the consequences of work in this area for the well-being of animals and man.
Adrenal Cortex↗
Comparison of electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesions in the lateral hypothalamus.
Electrolytic lesions in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) seriously affect ingestive behavior and sensorimotor functions in the rat. We here report that bilateral infusions of the neurotoxin, ibotenic acid (IBO) in the LH yield a decrease in body weight, but not to the same extent as electrolytic lesions. The sensorimotor impairments were most severe after electrolytic lesions. When tested in a residential maze on days 5-7 and 18-20 after surgery, both lesioned groups showed no lack of motivation to seek food and water. Histological examination of the LH following IBO exposure revealed extensive degeneration of neuronal cell bodies with little evidence of non-specific damage. Biochemical analysis of the rostral forebrain content of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) revealed that the fibers passing through the LH remained largely intact in the IBO treated rats. The results suggest that the observed aphagia and adipsia is not due to a lack of motivation, but rather reflects changes in the process which operate to initiate eating and drinking. Furthermore, selective neuronal degeneration induced the same behavioral changes as the electrolytic ones, though not to the same extent.
Animals↗
Resistance to extinction after schedules of partial delay or partial reinforcement in rats with hippocampal lesions.
Two experimental procedures were employed to establish the reason why hippocampal lesions apparently block the development of tolerance for aversive events in partial reinforcement experiments, but do not do so in partial punishment experiments. Rats were trained to run in a straight alley following hippocampal lesions (HC), cortical control lesions (CC) or sham operations (SO), and resistance to extinction was assessed following differing acquisition conditions. In Experiment 1 a 4-8 min inter-trial interval (ITI) was used. Either every acquisition trial was rewarded immediately (Continuous Reinforcement, CR), or only a randomly selected half of the trials were immediately rewarded, the reward being delayed for thirty seconds on the other trials (Partial Delay, PD). This delay procedure produced increased resistance to extinction in rats in all lesion groups. In Experiment 2 the ITI was reduced to a few seconds, and rats were trained either on a CR schedule, or on a schedule in which only half the trials were rewarded (Partial Reinforcement, PR). This form of partial reinforcement procedure also produced increased resistance to extinction in rats in all lesion groups. It thus appears that hippocampal lesions only prevent the development of resistance to aversive events when the interval between aversive and subsequent appetitive events exceeds some minimum value.
Animals↗
Orienting and freezing responses in incubating ptarmigan hens.
Behavior studies and telemetric recordings of heart and respiration rates were performed on five wild and two captive, incubating, willow ptarmigan hens (Lagopus lagopus lagopus) and on four wild, incubating, Svalbard ptarmigan hens (Lagopus mutus hyperboreus). Sounds and sight of approaching humans, egg predators, or dogs near the nests elicited behavior in the hens which we have interpreted as an orienting response (OR) followed by freezing behavior. During both types of behavioral responses, heart rate was reduced from 204 +/- 39 (mean +/- SE) to 119 +/- 26 beats per minute and respiration from 25 +/- 2 to 12 +/- 3 breaths per minute. In wild incubating willow ptarmigan, further approach led to tachycardia and increased respiration. Some birds maintained freezing behavior, while others became restless before flying off. Two of the four incubating Svalbard ptarmigan hens showed the OR followed by freezing behavior accompanied by decreased heart and respiration rates. The other two birds showed flight response, restless behavior accompanied by increased heart and respiration rates. Flight behavior was also typical for willow ptarmigan incubating in captivity. Repeated auditory provocation of incubating hens caused progressive decrement in behavioral and cardiac responses that is interpreted as habituation of the OR.
Animals↗
Plasma corticosterone and meal expectancy in rats: effects of low probability cues.
The plasma corticosterone levels of rats were examined prior to their morning meal on Days 1, 7 and 20 of a regimen of 1 hr access daily to food mash and water. The relationship between external cues and meal provision was varied by feeding some groups immediately upon room entry each morning, and others with a variable interval 90-min delay. On Day 1, corticosterone levels of the hungry rats were elevated around the time of light onset, and until 90 min following room entry. On Day 7, corticosterone levels increased in response to room entry in the delay-fed rats, but did not increase further in immediately fed rats. These results were interpreted as indicating that low, but nonzero, expectancy of meal availability elevates corticosterone levels. On Day 20, the immediately fed rats showed a dip in corticosterone levels after room entry, responding to cues highly predictive of imminent meal availability. Delay-fed rats no longer showed an elevation to room entry. The relationship between corticosterone level and meal expectancy is essentially curvilinear in the hungry rat. The corticosterone levels are high when there is uncertainty about whether food is coming or not, and low when there is a very high or very low probability that food is coming.
Animals↗
Psychological stress-factors and concentrations of immunoglobulins and complement components in humans.
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Adult↗
The effect of sleep deprivation and recovery sleep on plasma corticosterone in the rat.
The effect of 24-h sleep deprivation by forced locomotion on plasma corticosterone was investigated in the rat. Corticosterone was slightly elevated after 21.5 h sleep deprivation, but did not differ from controls after a 2.5-h recovery period. An acute 20-min forced locomotion period caused a marked rise in plasma corticosterone. It is concluded that stress is not a major factor contributing to the massive effects of sleep deprivation on sleep parameters.
Animals↗
Endocrine response patterns and psychological correlates.
A group of young men volunteering for military service in the United States Navy were studied during an acute stress situation. The subjects (S's)(N = 62) were non-swimmers, and they all had to jump from a 5-foot platform into the deep end of a swimming pool. Before and after the exposure, blood and urine samples were taken for endocrine analysis. The Defense Mechanism Test (DMT), the Coping Operations Preference Enquiry (COPE), Joffe and Nanitch Scales for Defenses (J&N), and a Mood Questionnaire (MQ) were administered. For the endocrine reactions, postsamples, 3 factors emerged: a Cortisol factor, a Testosterone factor, and a Catecholamine factor. There was a significant correlation between the Cortisol factor and defense mechanisms, evaluated both by the DMT and the paper-and-pencil tests. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between high anxiety, and defense mechanisms on the one hand, and physiological responses on the other.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Sleep deprivation procedure produces stomach lesions in rats.
Sprague-Dawley male rats were deprived of food for 40 hr and subjected to sleep deprivation by the "flower pot" or handling intervention procedures during the final 24 hr. Five of six rats in the flower pot group exhibited stomach erosions. Only one rat in the handling group, and no rats in a food deprived control group showed such erosions. The flower pot group also had higher levels of corticosterone than the food deprived control group. These findings argue for more serious consideration of the effects of the stress of procedures for sleep deprivation.
Animals↗
A method for studying responses and habituation to odors in rats.
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Animals↗