Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to H Smith.
Selected omega-nitroacetophenones, formed by the alcoholic cleavage of 2-nitroindandiones, have been shown to inhibit the homocytotropic antibody-antigen induced passive cutaneous analhylaxis reaction in the rat. The enzymatic cyclization of these derivatives to the parent nitroindandione has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro and this process is suggested as a possible prerequisite to biological activity.
Perforated plastic chambers implanted subcutaneously in guinea-pigs and rabbits became encapsulated and filled with sterile transudate. When these chambers in guinea-pigs were inoculated with various strans of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, persistent infections were achieved without the use of anti-inflammation agents and in the presence of a substantial predominantly polymorphonuclear inflammatory response. Two strains with small colonies similar to types 1 and 2, and one strain with large colonies similar to type 4 of Kellogg et al. (1963 and 1968), showed differences in infectivity comparable with those that might be expected in man, and passage through guinea-pig chambers increased this infectivity. Rabbit chambers could not be infected without the use of an anti-inflammation drug (betamethasone), and differences in infectivity between strains were not as clear cut. The growth of N. gonorrhoeae in chambers in the guinea-pig provides a convenient model system for studying some aspects of the pathogenicity of this organism.
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An avirulent strain (A7) of Semliki Forest virus formed nearly as much haemagglutinating and complement fixing antigen in the brains of adult mice as a virulent (V13) strain, yet the infectivities of the brain tissues were different by about 100-fold. It appeared therefore that defective virus particles were fomed by A7 but these were not demonstrated by fluorescent antibody studies. In short-term organ cultures of adult mouse brain, A7 derived from mouse brain showed a typical interference pattern in inoculum infectivity response curves. Furthermore, when mixed suspensions of brain-grown V13 and A7 with equal infectivities were inoculated the inoculum infectivity response patterns showed significant depressions of the V13 response at higher inocula. Such interference was not detected if chick cell grown A7 and V13 were substituted for the mouse grown virus. The avirulence of A7 in adult mice and its rapid protective effect against lethal V13 infection could be due to the production of defective interfering virus particles in the brain.
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The present study assessed the suggestion that specific reading disability is caused by visual-spatial disorder. A previous investigation questioned this hypothesis in demonstrating that poor readers' orientation errors (e.g., b/d; was/saw) result from malfunction in verbal identification rather than optical distortion. However, the generality of its findings was limited by the fact that its subject included only children at the upper age levels (9-15 years). In order to extend our results to younger children, poor and normal readers in the second and sixth grades were presented with tachistoscopic exposures of both verbal and nonverbal stimuli and were asked to identify and/or reproduce them both orally and graphically. With some exceptions, the results obtained in the previous study were replicated: the performance of poor readers at both age levels closely approximated that of normals in visual as compared with verbal encoding.
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A survey of human adult tissues in organ cultures showed that influenza viruses (A/Moscow/1019/65 (h2n2) or a recombinant virus virulent for man (PR/8-A/England/939/69 Clone 7a(H3N2)) could infect uterus, bladder and conjunctiva but not oesophagus under the conditions employed; simian bladder and uterus were also susceptible. These results were similar to those already described for corresponding ferret tissues. Organ cultures of human foetal nasal mucosa, trachea, oesophagus, small and large intestine, and bladder consistently supported replication over 4 days or more with high virus yields. Lung, conjunctiva and umbilical cord were less consistently susceptible and gave lower yields. Placenta and kidney cultures allowed replication of virus in one of 8 and one of 4 experiments respectively, the yields being low and of short duration. Organ cultures of neural tissue (meninges and brain), lymphopoietic tissue (spleen, liver and thymus) and amnion did not support significant viral replication. The results are discussed in relation to possible infection of the foetus in utero with influenza virus.
A nitroindanedione (BRL 10833) and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) showed similar activities as inhibitors of IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and passive peritoneal anaphylaxis (PPA) reactions in the rat. BRL 10833 was more active than DSCG when given parenterally and unlike DSCG it inhibited the PCA reaction in the rat after oral administration. In the PCA test both compounds produced a state of refractoriness both to themselves and to each other. Isoprenaline also inhibited the PCA reaction but its activity was not reduced when the rats were refractory to DSCG.
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