Tryptophan in bovine rhodopsin: its content, spectral properties and environment.
The tryptophan content of purified bovine rhodopsin was obtained by two independent methods: direct analysis of hydrolysates prepared by digestion of opsin with methanesulfonic acid containing 0.2% 3-(2-aminoethyl)indole and a computer-assisted analysis of the near-UV spectrum of rhodopsin. Both methods gave a value of eight tryptophan residues per rhodopsin. Based on the near-UV spectral analysis, the light-induced difference spectrum of rhodopsin, and the susceptibility of residues to oxidation by N-bromosuccinimide, we concluded that approximately half of the tyrosine and tryptophan residues are shielded to some extent from the aqueous solvent, that two of the tryptophan residues are in very apolar environments, and that following light excitation at least one of these tryptophan residues and several tyrosines are exposed to an aqueous environment. Analysis of rhodopsin absorption in the far-UV indicated that below 240 nm, approximately half of the absorption is due to aromatic residues and that the other half is largely due to the peptide bond. The effect of illumination on secondary structure is to induce a loss in helical structure, calculated to involve 35% of the amino acid residues in purified rhodopsin. If light-induced changes in secondary structure are specifically excluded, most of these results can be extended to bovine rod outer segment membranes.