Biomedical subjects

H S Lee

Publications and source records attributed to H S Lee.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Germinal vesicle chromatin configuration and meiotic competence is related to the oocyte source in canine.

This study investigated the effect of deriving oocytes from different stages of the estrous cycle on oocyte diameter, germinal vesicle (GV) chromatin configuration, and in vitro meiotic competence in canine oocytes. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were recovered from both ovaries during anestrous, follicular, and luteal phases and in vivo ovulated oocytes. The diameter of canine oocyte was compared with or without the zona pellucida (ZP) before in vitro maturation (IVM). Also, GV chromatin configuration was evaluated before (0 h) or 72 h after IVM by fixation with 3.7% formaldehyde supplemented with 10 microg/ml Hoechst 33342 for 30 min. COCs were matured in TCM199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.6 mM cysteine, 0.2 mM pyruvic acid, 50 microg/ml gentamycin sulfate, and 20 microg/ml 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) at 39 degrees C and 5% CO(2) in air for 72 h. The diameter of in vivo ovulated oocytes with the ZP (167.5+/-12.7 microm) or without ZP (133.9+/-5.3 microm) was significantly greater (p<0.05) than those of anestrous, follicular, and luteal oocytes (with ZP, 151.2+/-7.4, 153.1+/-8.8 and 152.8+/-5.4 microm, respectively; without ZP, 115.3+/-7.6, 122.1+/-4.9 and 114.3+/-6.6 microm, respectively). At 0 h, the GV-II configuration was more prevalent in oocytes from anestrual ovaries than from follicular or luteal ovaries or in vivo ovulated oocytes (63.6% versus 14.8%, 33.0%, and 0.0%; p<0.05), whereas the proportion of oocytes with the GV-V configuration was higher in follicular phase and ovulated oocytes than in oocytes from anestrus and luteal phase (57.4% and 100% versus 2.0% and 22.7%; p<0.05). However, oocytes in luteal phase exhibited diverse GV configurations (10.3%, 33.0%, 16.5%, 13.4%, and 22.7% in GV-I, GV-II, GV-III, GV-IV, and GV-V, respectively). After 72 h post-IVM, a greater percentage of in vivo ovulated oocytes progressed to MII than those oocytes collected during anestrous, follicular, and luteal phases (50.0% versus 5.5%, 11.5%, and 9.1%; p<0.05). In conclusion, the oocyte diameter, GV chromatin configuration, and meiotic maturation of canine COCs are related to the oocyte source. These results indicated that the oocyte source could be critical to nuclear progression to MII stage in canines.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Localization of glutamate receptors to distal dendrites depends on subunit composition and the kinesin motor protein KIF17.

Correct glutamate receptor localization in neurons is crucial for neurotransmission in the brain. Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying localization of kainate GluR5 receptors to dendrites in cultured hippocampal neurons. We find that the GluR5 distribution depends on association with GluR6 and KA2 subunits. The GluR5 subunit was expressed in distal dendrites only when GluR6 and KA2 subunits were present, whereas it was restricted to proximal dendrites in the absence of these subunits. The overlap between GluR5 distribution and the organization of microtubules in dendrites led us to examine whether KIF17, a microtubule motor protein expressed in distal dendrites, is involved in GluR5 localization to distal dendrites. We show here, for the first time that the microtubule motor protein KIF17 interacts with GluR6 and KA2 subunits and is required for GluR5 localization to distal dendrites, defining a novel mechanism that controls receptor localization in neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Gender differences in self-report of recovery after stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study.

We compared subjective responses to simple questions after stroke with interviewer-assessed stroke outcome measures. Among those in the highest functional category, women were more likely to report incomplete recovery and greater need for help than men. Among these women, depressed mood was associated with a response of a need for help despite a good functional recovery. Self-reported responses in stroke outcome assessments require further validation by gender and may need to consider the confounding effects of depression.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Isolation of a novel mycovirus OMIV in Pleurotus ostreatus and its detection using a triple antibody sandwich-ELISA.

A novel mycovirus was isolated from a diseased mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, using a purification procedure involving polyethylene glycol (PEG)-NaCl precipitation, differential centrifugation, and equilibrium centrifugation in a CsCl gradient. The virion was a 43 nm isometric virus encapsulating double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome of 2.1, 2.0, 1.9, and 1.7 kbp with a coat protein (CP) of 58 kDa. The new mycovirus was named Oyster Mushroom Isometric Virus (OMIV). A triple antibody sandwich-ELISA (TAS-ELISA) system was constructed to detect OMIV in the mushroom using an anti-OMIV mouse monoclonal antibody and an anti-OMIV rabbit polyclonal serum. The TAS-ELISA system was sensitive enough to allow detection of OMIV in the mushroom with the naked eye. It detected successfully virus particles from 0.6 mg of diseased tissue as well as 0.4 microg/ml purified virus preparation.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed2006

Fungicidal property of active component derived from Acorus gramineus rhizome against phytopathogenic fungi.

The fungicidal property of Acorus gramineus rhizome-derived materials against Botrytis cineria, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea, and Rhizoctonia solani was tested using a whole plant method in vivo, and was compared with a synthetic fungicide and seven commercially available A. gramineus rhizome-derived components. The responses varied according to the plant pathogen tested. At 2000 mg/l, the hexane fraction of A. gramineus rhizomes showed strong fungicidal activities against R. solani and P. infestans. The results indicated at least one of the fungicidal actions of alpha-asarone and asaronaldehyde derived from A. gramineus rhizomes.

Acorus↗

PubMed2006

Cloning, expression, and characterization of a methionyl aminopeptidase from a hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus sp. NA1.

Genomic analysis of a hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus sp. NA1 revealed the presence of an 885-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 295 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 32,981 Da. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence showed that amino acid residues important for catalytic activity and the metal binding ligands conserved in all of methionyl aminopeptidases (MetAP) were also conserved and belonged to type IIa MetAP. The protein, designated TNA1_MetAP (Thermococcus sp. NA1 MetAP), was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was a Mn(2+)-, Ni(2+)-, Fe(2+)-, or Co(2+)-dependent metallopeptidase. Optimal MetAP activity against L: -methionine p-nitroanilide (Met-pNA) (K (m) = 0.68 mM) occurred at pH 7.0 and 80 to 90 degrees C. The MetAP was very unstable compared to Pyrococcus furiosus MetAP, which was completely inactivated by heating at 80 degrees C for 5 min. It seemed likely that the cysteine residue (Cys53) played a critical role in regulating the thermostability of TNA1_MetAP.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

A multicentre randomised phase II study of carboplatin in combination with gemcitabine at standard rate or fixed dose rate infusion in patients with advanced stage non-small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Intracellular gemcitabine triphosphate (dFdCTP) levels can be optimised by administering gemcitabine at a fixed dose rate infusion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with chemonaive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were randomised to receive gemcitabine at a fixed dose rate gemcitabine 750 mg/m(2) over 75 min (arm A) or gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) over 30 min (arm B) on days 1 and 8 every three week cycle. Carboplatin at AUC of 5 was administered in both treatment arms on day 1 of each cycle. End points were activity, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of plasma and intracellular gemcitabine. RESULTS: 76 patients were randomised. Response rate was 34% in arm A and 42% in arm B. Toxicity and quality of life scores were similar for both treatment arms. Mean plasma Cmax(gemcitabine) and mean dFdCTP AUC in arm A was 20.8 microM +/- 17.2 microM and 35,079 +/- 18,216 microM*min respectively and in arm B, 41.2 +/- 13.9 microM and 32 249 +/- 11 267 microM*min respectively. dFdCTP saturation was reached in Arm B but not in Arm A. CONCLUSION: The saturability of dFdCTP accumulation in Arm A suggests optimal delivery of gemcitabine is achieved using fixed rate infusion compared to 30-min infusion. Fixed dose rate gemcitabine is active and feasible, supporting the concept of fixed dosing rate of gemcitabine in advanced NSCLC. However, this entails a longer infusion time with associated higher costs involved.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Iron status and its association with pregnancy outcome in Korean pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among Korean pregnant women and to assess the association between maternal hemoglobin (Hb) level and pregnancy outcome. DESIGN: A longitudinal study. SETTING: Ewha Womans University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. SUBJECTS: A total of 248 normal pregnant women of 24-28 weeks gestation and 190 babies born to the pregnant subjects. METHODS: Maternal anthropometry, blood parameters and pregnancy outcomes were measured. RESULTS: Mean Hb, serum iron concentration, transferrin saturation and total iron binding capacity of the subjects were 11.4 g/dl, 89.4 microg/dl, 18.7% and 484.6 microg/dl, respectively, and 30.2% of the subjects were anemic judged by Hb concentration of <10.5 g/dl. When subjects were classified into tertile groups based on Hb levels, the lowest tertile (HbT1) group had significantly lower concentrations of cord serum iron and albumin than those in the highest tertile (HbT3) group. Newborn infants from the HbT1 group had significantly higher rates of preterm delivery, low birth weight and low Apgar scores than those in other groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that maternal serum albumin and Hb level were the most important predictive variables for low birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of Korean pregnant women were at risk of anemia. Infants born to women with a low Hb level showed a lower birth weight, height and Apgar scores.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

An interaction between the serotonin transporter promoter region and dopamine transporter polymorphisms contributes to harm avoidance and reward dependence traits in normal healthy subjects.

There is evidence for an association between polymorphisms of serotonin- and dopamine-related genes and temperamental personality traits. Recent findings have shown that interactions between allelic variants of the different genes may contribute to personality traits. We examined the effects of serotonin transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) and dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene polymorphisms for associations with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) temperament subscales in 209 Koreans. We found that the variants of 5-HTTLPR interacted with the DAT1 gene polymorphism to influence the HA and RD temperament subscales of TCI. Neither of these two genes affected any subscales of TCI alone.Controlling for the effects of gender and age, we found significant interactions between 5-HTTLPR and DAT1 genes on Harm Avoidance (HA) and Reward Dependence (RD) as measured by the TCI (Hotelling's Trace = 3.0, P = 0.02). In the presence of the DAT1 10/10 genotype, subjects of group L of 5-HTTLPR had a significantly higher HA score and significantly lower RD score than those of group S (F = 5.04, df = 1, p = 0.03 and F = 8.35, df = 1, p = 0.004, respectively). These findings suggest that the variants of 5-HTTLPR interacted with the DAT1 gene polymorphism to influence the HA and RD temperament subscales of TCI.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Sensitivity of canine oocytes to low temperature.

This study compared the viability of canine oocytes after storage for 5 h at 4 or 38 degrees C. The ovaries were collected after ovariohysterectomy of bitches and transported to the laboratory within 5 h at 4 or 38 degrees C. The collected oocytes were matured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 0.6 mM/mL cysteine, 0.2 mM pyruvic acid, 20 ng/mL E2 and 1 microg/mL rbST, and incubated for 0, 24 and 48 h, at 38 degrees C and in 95% air with 5% CO2. The viability of the oocytes after 0 h did not differ significantly between 4 and 38 degrees C group (79.6% versus 83.9%), but after 24 and 48 h, significant differences were apparent (13.2% versus 77.8% after 24 h and 0.0% versus 72.9% after 48 h; P < 0.05). Therefore, canine oocytes were remarkably sensitive to low temperatures.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Outcome in the real-world of coronary high-risk intervention with drug-eluting stents (ORCHID) -- a single-center study comparing Cypher sirolimus-eluting with Taxus paclitaxel-eluting stents.

OBJECTIVE: We present real world experience from a single center registry comparing the 6-month outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in unselected high-risk individuals using either sirolimus-eluting (SES) or paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES). METHODS/RESULTS: We compared clinical outcome at 6 months follow-up in two cohorts of 156 consecutive patients (total n = 312) who underwent SES (June 2002-February 2003) and PES (march 2003-July 2003) implantation. The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Baseline clinical characteristics were well matched. The 6-month target vessel revascularization (TVR) rates were 1.9% (SES) and 2.6% (PES) and MACE rates were similar in the two groups (SES 4.5% vs. PES 3.2%, P = NS). In the PES group, intervention for multivessel disease, bifurcation lesions and in small vessels was more common, and for in-stent restenosis less common, reflecting the impact of drug eluting stents on indications for PCI. The incidence of sub-acute stent thrombosis, related to inadequate antiplatelet therapy in 3 of the 6 cases, was 0.95% with no difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the safety and efficacy of SES and PES in unselected high risk patients undergoing PCI. Clinical outcomes of both stents are equivalent at 6 months with low rates of MACE and TVR. These data provide important complementary information to forthcoming randomized studies.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗

PubMed2006

Expression of Lewis antigens and their precursors in gastric mucosa: relationship with Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesis.

Lewis (Le)-associated antigens are carbohydrates that are related biochemically to the ABO blood groups, and may have a role in Helicobacter pylori adherence. To evaluate their relationship to clinicopathological outcomes, gastric Le expression, including type 1 precursor, type 1 H, Le(a), Le(b), Le(x), Le(y) and sialylated Le(a) (CA19-9), was evaluated immunohistochemically in 233 gastric biopsy specimens obtained at routine gastroscopy. Expression was also investigated in gastric tissues showing chronic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and carcinoma from 42 patients with gastric cancer. A polymerase chain reaction was performed for H. pylori and the bacterial babA2 gene. We identified type 1 precursor expression in 34.3%, type 1 H in 55.8%, Le(a) in 44.2%, Le(b) in 82.0%, Le(x) in 44.2%, Le(y) 56.7%, and CA19-9 in 16.3% of the 233 gastric biopsy specimens. Expression of type 1 H, Le(b), and CA19-9 was significantly associated with H. pylori infection and histological features (p < 0.05), and expression of type 1 H was an independent predictive factor for H. pylori infection by multivariate logistic regression (p = 0.020). Positivity for the babA2 genotype correlated significantly with H. pylori infection and type 1 H expression in gastric biopsy specimens (p < 0.05). The babA2 genotype was more frequent in gastric mucosa from the gastric cancer patients than in gastric biopsy specimens from routine gastroscopy (p = 0.009). In the 42 gastric cancer patients, the frequency of type 1 precursor, Le(a), and Le(x) expression was significantly higher in intestinal metaplasia and carcinoma than in chronic gastritis (p < 0.05), but the frequency of type 1 H and Le(b) expression was significantly lower in intestinal metaplasia and carcinoma (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Le expression, especially that of type 1 H, was significantly associated with clinicopathological features. In gastric cancer patients, Le expression was altered in intestinal metaplasia and carcinoma in comparison with chronic gastritis.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗

PubMed2006

The effects of Goami No. 2 rice, a natural fiber-rich rice, on body weight and lipid metabolism.

OBJECTIVE: Increased intake of dietary fiber reduces the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. We assessed the effects of a fiber-rich diet on body weight, adipokine concentrations, and the metabolism of glucose and lipids in non-obese and obese subjects in Korea, where rice is the main source of dietary carbohydrates. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Eleven healthy, non-obese and 10 obese subjects completed two 4-week phases of individual isoenergetic food intake. During the control diet phase, subjects consumed standard rice; during the modified diet phase, subjects consumed equal proportions of fiber-rich Goami No. 2 rice and standard rice. We used a randomized, controlled, crossover study design with a washout period of 6 weeks between the two phases. RESULTS: After the modified diet phase, body weight was significantly lower in both the non-obese and obese subjects (non-obese, 57.0 +/- 2.9 vs. 56.1 +/- 2.8 kg, p = 0.001; obese, 67.7 +/- 2.1 vs. 65.7 +/- 2.0 kg, p < 0.001 for before vs. after). The BMI was significantly lower in obese subjects (26.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 26.0 +/- 0.6 kg/m2, p < 0.001). The modified diet was associated with lower serum triacylglycerol (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (p < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.05), and C-peptide (p < 0.05) concentrations in the obese subjects. DISCUSSION: These results indicate that fiber-rich Goami No. 2 rice has beneficial effects and may be therapeutically useful for obese subjects.

Adiponectin↗

PubMed2006

The association between microsatellite polymorphisms in intron II of the human Toll-like receptor 2 gene and tuberculosis among Koreans.

The observation that Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-deficient mice are highly susceptible to mycobacteria suggests that mutations altering TLR2 expression may impair host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We evaluated the association between guanine-thymine (GT) repeat polymorphism in intron II of the TLR2 gene and the presence of tuberculosis (TB) in Koreans. The numbers of GT repeats were determined by PCR and gene scans for 176 TB patients and 196 controls. The recombinant TLR2 promoter/exonI/exonII/intronII/luciferase constructs including three representative repeats: (GT)13, (GT)20, and (GT)24 were transfected into K562 cells, and luciferase activities were estimated and compared. The expression of TLR2 on CD14+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy volunteers were measured with flow cytometry. Genotypes with shorter GT repeats were more common among TB patients (49.4 vs 37.7%, P=0.02). This observation was confirmed among 82 other TB patients as a validation cohort. Shorter GT repeats were associated with weaker promoter activities and lower TLR2 expression on CD14+ PBMCs. In conclusion, the development of TB disease in Koreans was associated with shorter GT repeats in intron II of the TLR2 gene. This association is correlated with lower expression of TLR2 through weaker promoter activity for genes with shorter GT repeats.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The regional distribution and relative frequency of gastrointestinal endocrine cells in the nude mice, Balb/c-nu/nu: an immunohistochemical study.

The distributions and frequencies of some endocrine cells in the eight portions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract - fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum of the nude mouse, Balb/c-nu/nu were studied with immunohistochemical method using six types of anti-sera against serotonin, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, somatostatin, glucagon and human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP). All of six types of immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified. Most of IR cells in the intestinal portion were generally spherical or spindle in shape (open type cell) while cells showing round in shape (close type cell) were found in the intestinal gland and stomach regions occasionally. Their relative frequencies were varied according to each portion of GI tract. Serotonin-IR cells were detected throughout the whole GI tract and they showed the highest frequency in the pylorus. Gastrin-IR cells were restricted to the pylorus and duodenum with numerous and a few frequencies, respectively. CCK-8-IR cells were also restricted to the pylorus, duodenum and jejunum with numerous, a few and rare frequencies, respectively. Somatostatin-IR cells were demonstrated throughout the whole GI tract except for the colon and rectum, and they showed the highest frequency in the fundus. In addition, glucagon- and hPP-IR cells were restricted to the fundus and rectum, respectively with a few frequencies. In conclusion, the general distribution patterns and relative frequency of GI endocrine cells of the nude mouse, Balb/c-nu/nu was similar to that of other strains of mice. However, some strain and/or species-dependent unique distributions and frequencies of endocrine cells were also observed especially for somatostatin- and hPP-IR cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron II of human Toll-like receptor 2 gene and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis.

Human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in innate immune response and signal the activation of adaptive immunity. The presence of a functional intronic polymorphism consisting of guanine-thymine repeats in TLR2 gene was recently reported. Here, we investigated a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron II of TLR2 in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The numbers of guanine-thymine [(GT)(n)] repeats in intron II of the TLR 2 gene were counted in 183 patients with RA and in 148 healthy controls, using the gene scanning technique. We classified alleles into two subclasses for further analysis, 12-16 GT repeats (S allele) and 17-28 repeats (L allele). By subgroup analysis, we also examined whether the S allele is associated with the presence of shared epitope (SE), rheumatoid factor (RF), joint erosion and extra-articular complications. S-allele frequency was significantly increased in patients with RA than in healthy controls [30.3% vs. 23.0%, P = 0.03, or 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-2.07], and genotypes containing S alleles were more frequent in patients with RA than in healthy controls (54.4% vs. 46.5%. P = 0.04, or 1.57, 95% CI 1.01-2.42). A skewed S-allele distribution was not found to be related to the presence of SE. Subgroup analysis showed no genotypic or allele frequency differences between patients with/without RF, joint erosion, or extra-articular complications. Genotype containing shorter GT repeats in intron II of the TLR2 gene may confer susceptibility to RA in Koreans.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Food protective and color alteration effects of acaricidal aldehydes on Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank).

The activities of benzaldehyde isolated from Prunus persica seeds and of commercially available aldehydes against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (a stored-food mite) adults were examined and compared with those of the synthetic acaricides benzyl benzoate and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. On the basis of the 50% lethal dose (LD50), the compound most toxic to T. putrescentiae adults was salicylaldehyde (LD50 of 1.02 microg/cm2) followed by cinnamaldehyde (1.66 microg/cm2), benzaldehyde (4.23 microg/cm2), phthaldialdehyde (5.16 microg/cm2), benzyl benzoate (9.75 microg/cm2), and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (16.26 micorg/cm2). Benzaldehyde was about 2.3 and 3.8 times more toxic than benzyl benzoate and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, respectively, against T. putrescentiae adults. These results indicated that benzaldehyde isolated from P. persica seeds and the three aldehydes (cinnamaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and phthaldialdehyde) are useful as lead compounds for developing acaricidal agents against T. putrescentiae adults. The color of the T. putrescentiae cuticle was changed by treatment with cinnamaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and phthaldialdehyde.

Acaridae↗

PubMed2006

Growth-inhibiting activity of active component isolated from Terminalia chebula fruits against intestinal bacteria.

The growth-inhibitory activity of materials derived from the fruit of Terminalia chebula was evaluated against six intestinal bacteria by means of an impregnated paper disk agar diffusion method. The butanol fraction of T. chebula extract had profound growth-inhibitory activity at a concentration of 5 mg per disk. The biologically active component isolated from the T. chebula fruits was identified with a variety of spectroscopic analyses as ethanedioic acid. The growth responses varied in accordance with the bacterial strain, chemical, and dosage tested. In a test with concentrations of 2 and 1 mg per disk, ethanedioic acid had strong and moderate inhibitory activity against Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli, respectively, with no associated adverse effects on the growth of the four tested lactic acid-producing bacteria. Ellagic acid derived from T. chebula fruits exerted a potent inhibitory effect against C. perfringens and E. coli, but little or no inhibition was observed with treatments of behenic acid, P-caryophyllene, eugenol, isoquercitrin, oleic acid, ca-phellandrene, 3-sitosterol, stearic acid, a-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, terpinolene, or triacontanoic acid. These results may be an indication of at least one of the pharmacological properties of T. chebula fruits.

Clostridium perfringens↗