Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

H S Cooper

Publications and source records attributed to H S Cooper.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast. A spectrum of biologic behavior.

Adenomyoepitheliomas of the breast have been considered to have limited metastatic potential; axillary node metastasis has been reported, but there has been no report of distant metastasis. We report six cases, including two malignant adenomyoepitheliomas, one of which metastasized to the lung and brain. Patient age ranged from 26 to 63 years (mean 46). Primary tumors were solitary and measured 0.9-3.5 cm (mean 1.7). Five of six tumors presented as palpable masses. Two patients treated by local resection have no evidence of disease at 5 and 18 months' follow-up. Two patients treated by local resection had recurrences, one at 48 the other at 60 months. The fifth patient had a spindle-cell type adenomyoepithelioma diagnosed as malignant because of high mitotic rate and cytologic atypicality of the myoepithelial component. This patient was treated by mastectomy and has no evidence of disease at 18 months. The sixth patient, initially treated by local excision, had six local recurrences over 52 months treated by reexcisions, mastectomies, and radiation. A lung metastasis was resected at 54 months and brain metastases were identified at 60 months with death occurring at 64 months. Both malignant adenomyoepitheliomas had high mitotic rates [11-14/10 high-power fields (HPF)] diffusely throughout the tumors and foci of cytologically malignant cells. The malignant adenomyoepithelioma that metastasized had an infiltrative growth pattern that increased with successive local recurrences. The four other tumors had only isolated areas of mitotic activity (maximum 1-9/10 HPF) and minimal cytologic atypia. Immunohistochemistry performed on five of six cases confirmed dual epithelial/myoepithelial cell populations in all tumors examined, including the metastasis. Electron microscopic examination of the malignant adenomyoepithelioma that metastasized also confirmed dual epithelial/myoepithelial cell populations in a local recurrence and the lung metastasis. We conclude that there is a spectrum of behavior for breast adenomyoepitheliomas with potential for local recurrence and, rarely, distant metastasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Expression of blood group antigens H-2, Le(y), and sialylated-Le(a) in human colorectal carcinoma. An immunohistochemical study using double-labeling techniques.

In this study, double-labeling immunohistochemistry was used to gain insight into the coexpression or interrelationship between blood group antigens (BGA) that are differentiation antigens in the normal colon, and BGA that are sequential moieties in the same synthetic pathway. Paired-wise Sialylated-Le(a)/Le(y) and H-2/Le(y) was studied. The Sialylated-Le(a) and Le(y) are synthesized from type 1 and type 2 backbones, respectively. In the normal colon, the Le(y) and Sialylated-Le(a) are expressed by cells at the base and surface of the crypt, respectively, representing undifferentiated and differentiated enterocytes. The H-2 is considered oncofetal in nature, and is considered to be the immediate precursor in the synthesis of Le(y). In individual cancers. Sialylated-Lea and Le(y) were detected in different cancer cells within the same malignant glands, separately in different glands, and in different subcellular compartments of the same cell. Both H-2 and Le(y) were coexpressed in the same individual cells in 92% of cancers expressing both these BGA. In 50% of the cancers, the H-2 and Le(y) also were expressed separately in different malignant glands within individual tumors. These findings indicate that, in colorectal cancers, differentiation antigens (Sialylated Le(a) and Le(y)) are expressed by different individual cells within the same malignant gland somewhat, recapitulating the normal colon crypt. Antigens of different backbones occasionally may be expressed in the same cells but within different subcellular compartments. Precursor accumulation is common in cancers, and antigens in the same synthetic pathway are coexpressed in the same cell. The expression of H-2 and Le(y) in different glands (lack of coexpression) may be explained possibly by aberrant synthesis of Le(y) by an alternate pathway.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1990

G protein complement of SV40-transformed ciliary epithelial cells.

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are a family of receptor-coupled signal-transducing proteins that regulate a variety of second-messenger systems and ion channels. The complement of G proteins in SV40-transformed pigmented and nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells was determined by Western blot analysis utilizing peptide and holoprotein derived antisera to known G protein alpha and beta subunits and cholera toxin catalyzed ADP-ribosylation. The complement of alpha subunits found in both SV40-transformed NPE and PE cells includes Gs alpha and all three members of the Gi alpha family. Neither cell type contains Go alpha or Gz alpha. Both cell lines contain beta 35 and beta 36. Future studies will examine the functional involvement of these G proteins in the regulation of aqueous humor stimulus-secretion coupling.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Identification of cryptosporidium in paraffin-embedded tissue sections with the use of a monoclonal antibody.

Recently a monoclonal antibody has been developed against the oocyst form of Cryptosporidium species for use in detecting the organism in fecal material. The authors undertook this study to determine if this antibody could be used in identifying Cryptosporidium species in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Three biopsies showing Cryptosporidiosis as diagnosed by characteristic appearance by light and electron microscopy were selected from the surgical pathology files at the authors' institution. Paraffin sections were examined with the use of both an indirect immunofluorescence and an avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. In all the cases, prominent staining of oocysts was seen; however, intracellular trophozoites did not react with the antibody. The authors conclude that this antibody can be used to identify Cryptosporidium species oocysts in tissue sections and that the antibody appears to be specific for the oocyst form only.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Immunohistologic study of ulcerative colitis with monoclonal antibodies against tumor-associated and/or differentiation antigens.

We used monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (19-9, 55-2, and 73-3) that detect tumor-associated or differentiation antigens, or both, to immunohistochemically study a well-defined group of patients with ulcerative colitis. Monoclonal antibody 19-9 detects the gastrointestinal cancer-associated antigen (sialylated Lewis A). Monoclonal antibody 55-2 detects the Lewis Y antigen and reacts with deep crypt cells in the normal colon. In the normal colon MAb 73-3 reacts with mature superficial columnar cells detecting the protein moiety of a 35,000-dalton glycoprotein. In cases of inactive or mildly active disease, MAbs 19-9, 55-2, and 73-3 had staining patterns similar to normal colon. In 72% and 44% of cases of severely active disease, MAb 19-9 and MAb 73-3, respectively, reacted with epithelial cells at all levels of the crypt, whereas MAb 55-2 reacted only with deep crypt cells. Monoclonal antibodies 19-9, 55-2, and 73-3 reacted with dysplastic epithelium in 70%, 10%, and 60% of cases, respectively. In severely active disease, proliferating epithelial cells "paradoxically" express markers of differentiated epithelium throughout the entire crypt. Similarly, colonic epithelial cells may have the ability to reversibly express tumor-associated antigens. Unfortunately, the MAbs used in this study cannot differentiate dysplasia from reactive epithelium.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1988

Immunohistochemical study of colorectal adenomas with monoclonal antibodies against blood group antigens (sialosyl-Le(a), Le(a), Le(b), Le(x), Le(y), A, B, and H).

We studied 40 colorectal adenomas with monoclonal antibodies against blood group antigens (sialosyl-Le(a), Le(a), Le(b), Le(x), Le(y), A, B, and H). Sialosyl-Le(a), Le(a), Le(x), and Le(y) are usually present in different compartments of the crypts of normal colorectum and can be considered markers of normal differentiation antigens (NDA). The former two antigens represent markers for differentiated colonic epithelium and the latter two, markers for "undifferentiated" crypt base epithelium. Le(b), A, B, and H are normally absent from the distal colon and rectum, but are expressed by fetal colon and carcinomas and are considered oncofetal tumor-associated antigens (OF-TAA). Individual adenomas could be characterized as to whether or not they expressed OF-TAA and NDA. Of the adenomas, 35% were OF-TAA+/NDA+, 40% were OF-TAA+/NDA-, 17.5% were OF-TAA-/NDA+, and 7.5% were OF-TAA-/NDA-. When NDA were present, they were expressed in the same compartment of the crypt as in the normal colon and rectum. In adenomas there was proliferation of the undifferentiated enterocyte marker Lex throughout the entire length of the crypt when compared with controls (p less than 0.01). Of the adenomas, 75% expressed OF-TAA, however, 35% of adenomas concomitantly expressed NDA in the same distribution as normal colon and rectum indicating that adenomas have features of both carcinoma and normal colorectum epithelium.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1987

Gallbladder adenocarcinoma: the prognostic significance of histologic grade.

Gallbladder adenocarcinoma (GBA) postresection 5-year survival rates are less than 5%, but when histologically confined to the mucosa or submucosa, survival rates of 64% (5 years) and 44% (10 years) have been reported. Whether any other histologic features of GBA have prognostic significance is unknown. This investigation was conducted to determine if GBA histologic grade correlates with survival. Thirty patients with advanced stage GBA participating in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) treatment protocol EST-2273 served as the study material. Using glandular tumor grade criteria recommended by others, a panel of 7 ECOG pathologists categorized the GBA as either predominantly low or high histologic grade. Each patient's GBA histologic section measured no less than 1.0 X 1.0 cm. Predominant grade was defined as being that grade present in greater than 75% of the histologic section. Patient survival times by grade were calculated from date of initiation of chemotherapy until date of death. The 13-week low grade GBA patient survival was significantly longer than the 7-week high grade GBA patient survival (p less than 0.01). Stratification of patients by either high or low predominant histologic grade is recommended in future GBA treatment studies.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1987

Studies of neurofilaments that accumulate in proximal axons of rats intoxicated with beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN).

The paradigm of IDPN neuropathy was produced in rats in order to examine the neurofilaments (NFs) that accumulate in the proximal motor and sensory axons of intoxicated animals, and to compare the aggregated NFs with control NFs and with the depleted populations of NFs in the distal portions of the same experimental nerves. NFs were probed biochemically and histochemically, using a large and well-characterized library of monoclonal antibodies that included antibodies that are monospecific for each of the rat NF protein subunits (NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L) as well as antibodies that recognized differential phosphorylated states of rat NF-H and NF-M. All antibodies tested showed enhanced immunostaining of enlarged axons and of large spheroids in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of experimental animals. Biochemical analyses of IDPN-treated animals revealed enrichment of NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L in homogenates of dorsal root ganglia and of proximal motor and sensory nerve roots as well as depletion of the three subunits in distal nerve roots and in sciatic nerves. Immunoblot revealed a uniform enrichment of NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L in NF aggregates as well as the same admixture of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated epitopes of NF-H and NF-M in experimental and in control tissues. The global increase of immunoreactivity in axonal swellings to antibodies that react with phosphorylated, nonphosphorylated, and phosphorylation-independent NF epitopes suggests that IDPN induces an accumulation of NFs in proximal axons without necessarily altering the state of NF phosphorylation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Phosphorylation of neurofilament proteins and chromatolysis following transection of rat sciatic nerve.

States of phosphorylation of neurofilament proteins were examined in the perikarya of rat sensory and motor neurons between 3 and 28 d following either a distal transection [6-7 cm from the L4-L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG)] or a proximal transection (1-2 cm from the L4-L5 DRG) of the sciatic nerve. Paraffin sections of the right (experimental) and left (control) L4 and L5 DRG from animals with unilateral transection of the right distal sciatic nerve were stained immunocytochemically with monoclonal antibodies to phosphorylation-dependent (NF-P), dephosphorylation-dependent (NF-dP), or phosphorylation-independent (NF-ind) epitopes on the largest (NF200), mid-sized (NF150), or smallest (NF68) neurofilament protein subunits. Increased immunoreactivity to NF-P on NF200 and NF150 was detected in experimental DRC at 10 d, peaking by 20 d, and declining to near control levels by 28 d. Conversely, immunoreactivity to NF-dP declined in experimental DRG beginning at 6 d, reaching a maximum decline at 10-16 d, and returning to near control levels by 28 d. Immunocytochemical changes were confirmed with biochemical studies on tissue homogenates that demonstrated an increase of immunoreactivity to NF-P and a decrease of reactivity to NF-dP in the experimental DRG. Changes in immunoreactivities to NF-P and NF-dP were observed only in the perikarya of large neurons and were closely associated with chromatolytic changes in these neurons. Marked enhancement of chromatolysis, as well as the immunoreactivities to NF-P and NF-dP, occurred following a proximal (left side) versus distal (right side) transection in the same animal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Hyperplastic polyps of the colon and rectum. An immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibodies against blood groups antigens (sialosyl-Lea, Leb, Lex, Ley, A, B, H).

We studied 40 hyperplastic polyps (HP) immunohistochemically with monoclonal antibodies against 8 different blood group antigens (BGA) comparing their reactivity with normal control colon and colorectal adenocarcinomas. The 8 BGA studied were: Sialosyl-Lea, Lea, Leb, Lex, Ley, A,B, and H. sialosyl-Lea, Lea, Lex, and Ley can be though of as differentiation antigens. The former 2 BGA are expressed on mature (differentiated) epithelium while the latter 2 BGA are expressed by undifferentiated epithelium of the crypt base. A, B, H and Leb are not expressed in the normal distal colon, however, they are extensively expressed on distal colorectal cancers and adenomas and can be considered oncofetal BGA. HP expressed Lea, Lex, Ley in the same compartment of the crypt as normal colon and extensively expressed Sialosyl-Lea throughout the entire length of the crypt. This latter finding indicated maturation at a lower point in the crypt than in normals. All HP failed to express B and H BGA, while 6 of 40 expressed Leb and 5 of 40 HP expressed A BGA. Of the 6 HP expressing Leb BGA, 3 were from patients with synchronous or metachronous cancers and 2 from patients with mixed hyperplastic polyp-adenomas (HP/AD). Two of the HP expressing A BGA were from patients with HP/AD. The expression and distribution of these BGA in HP, especially the extensive expression of sialosyl-Lea correlates with the known cell kinetics of HP. While nonneoplastic in nature, HP may occasionally express true oncofetal BGA. Similarly, the HP component of HP/AD may also express true oncofetal BGA. These data suggest that the lesions classified morphologically as HP may be antigenically heterogenous.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1987

Peanut lectin binding sites in colons of patients with ulcerative colitis.

We studied peanut lectin (PNA) binding sites in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) with various degrees of disease activity and dysplasia. Peanut lectin binds to B-D-galactose (1-3) N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, which is the purported determinant for the T-blood-group antigen and the immediate precursor of the MN-blood-group glycoprotein. In the normal colon, PNA binds to the supranuclear (SN) portion of goblet and columnar cells, representing nascent glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus prior to the addition of terminal sialic acid. In severely active UC, PNA binds to the glycocalyx and/or apical portion of columnar cells, crypt goblet cells, and the total cytoplasm of "regenerating or hyperplastic" epithelium. These patterns have been previously reported in colonic cancers, adenomas, and fetal colons, indicating the synthesis of incomplete glycoproteins. Cases of inactive UC and mildly active UC expressed PNA binding in an SN distribution similar to controls. Cases with dysplasia showed PNA binding patterns similar to colonic neoplasms. In UC, the perturbation of cell kinetics similar to colonic neoplasms and the more rapid cell migration and turnover may be reflected as synthesis of incomplete glycoproteins, as expressed by abnormal PNA binding patterns. These findings indicate that the epithelial cells in patients with severely active UC synthesize incomplete glycoproteins similar to colonic neoplasms; however, this abnormal glycoprotein pattern is reversible when inflammation is more quiescent.

Arachis↗
PubMed1986

Carcinoids: the prognostic effect of primary site histologic type variations.

Carcinoids are histologically classified as insular (A), trabecular (B) glandular (C), undifferentiated (D) or mixed. These have prognostic significance, i.e. Group 1 (most favorable, A + C); 2 (favorable, A, B, A + B); 3 (relatively unfavorable, all non A + C or A + B mixed types); and 4 (unfavorable, C, D). Midgut primaries have a better prognosis than either foregut or hindgut/cloacal primaries. Carcinoids from 114 Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group patients were studied to determine if primary site prognostic differences result from histologic prognostic group occurrence rate differences across primary sites. By primary site the following rates were observed: Foregut: 1 (0%), 2 (79.2%), 3 (12.5%), 4 (8.3%); midgut: 1 (26.7%), 2 (58.7%), 3 (6.6%), 4 (8.0%); hindgut/cloaca: 1 (0%), 2 (42.9%), 3 (42.9%), 4 (14.2%); nongut: 1 (0%), 2 (75.0%), 3 (12.5%), 4 (12.5%), p less than 0.01. The results demonstrate that primary site prognostic differences are highly dependent upon histologic prognostic group occurrence rate variations across primary sites. In addition multivariate analysis of survivorship by both histologic type (p less than 0.05) and primary site (p less than 0.05) demonstrated that each variable has independent prognostic significance.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Gallbladder adenocarcinoma: prognostic significance of tumor acid mucopolysaccharide content.

The gall bladder mucosa is composed of neutral mucopolysaccharide and protein radical containing secretory cells, protein radical containing migratory cells, and neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides plus sialic acid containing goblet cells. The prognostic significance of histologic or histochemical parameters in gall bladder adenocarcinoma (GBA) are unknown. To determine if histochemical acid mucopolysaccharide content in GBA has prognostic value, GBA histologic sections from 26 advanced stage disease patients participating in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) treatment study EST-2273 were stained with alcian blue at pH. 1.0, assessed by a pathology panel for either high (greater than 50%) or low (less than 50%) acid mucopolysaccharide content, and correlated with patient survival. Initial panel unanimous concurrence rate on acid mucopolysaccharide content was 88.9%. Median survival times from the start of chemotherapy to date of death for high acid mucopolysaccharide content GBA was 14 weeks versus five weeks for the low content GBA (P less than 0.0001). The results indicate that high acid mucopolysaccharide content in GBA significantly improves prognosis. ECOG recommends stratification by acid mucopolysaccharide content in future GBA treatment investigations.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1986

Sonography of diffuse benign liver disease: accuracy of pattern recognition and grading.

Sonograms of 110 patients were compared to recently performed liver biopsies for evaluation of the accuracy of sonography in predicting the type (pattern) of pathology and its grade of severity (mild, moderate, or severe) in a wide variety of diffuse liver processes. There are two distinct, abnormal sonographic patterns: the fatty-fibrotic pattern seen primarily with cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and/or fatty infiltration, and the centrilobular pattern seen primarily with acute hepatitis. Sonography was 88% accurate in assigning the correct pattern to the corresponding pathology (sensitivity 89%, specificity 86%, p less than 0.001). The degree of accuracy was dependent on the grade of pathologic severity, with mild disease offering the greatest difficulty; moderate and severe diseases were accurately detected and placed in the correct pattern in all cases. Sonographic grading of the severity of disease was far less precise (63% overall). This study showed that sonography can distinguish between two abnormal sonographic patterns of diffuse benign liver disease as well as between normal and abnormal patterns.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1986

Peanut lectin binding sites in human fetal colon.

We studied peanut lectin (PNA) binding sites in human fetal colons (9 to 19 weeks' gestational age). Peanut lectin has a specificity for beta-D-galactose(1--3)N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (beta-D-Gal [1----3]-D-GalNac) that is the purported determinant for the T-blood-group antigen (TAg) and a precursor of MN-blood-group substance, lacking only in a terminal sialic acid. In the normal adult human colon, PNA fails to bind to the actual goblet theca but does have binding sites localized to the supranuclear portion of both columnar and goblet cells. This represents the detection of nascent oligosaccharides prior to addition of terminal sialic acid. Neuraminidase treatment of adult colons localized PNA to the goblet theca itself and to the apical and/or glycocalyx region of columnar cells. Fetal colons localized PNA to the region of the glycocalyx of columnar cells while the goblet theca itself failed to express PNA binding sites. After treatment of fetal colon sections with neuraminidase, PNA binding was noted in the goblet theca itself. Goblet cells of the human fetal colon exhibit a PNA binding pattern somewhat similar to adult goblets; however, fetal columnar cells have a PNA binding pattern as reported in colonic adenocarcinomas. This pattern of complete and incomplete synthesis of MN-blood-group substances in goblet and columnar cells, respectively, has also been demonstrated in adenomas of the human colon.

Adult↗