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Biomedical subjects

H Ruppin

Publications and source records attributed to H Ruppin.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Human intestinal motor activity and transport: effects of a synthetic opiate.

Effects of opiates on intestinal motor activity and transport of water and electrolytes have been studied separately in previous investigations. The aim of these experiments was to evaluate simultaneously the effects of a synthetic opiate, loperamide, on motor activity and transport in the human intestine. Jejunal, ileal, and colonic perfusions were performed in 9 healthy volunteers. After application of loperamide (12 mg), cyclically recurring migrating motor complexes in the small intestine occurred at a significantly higher frequency than after application of placebo. This was primarily due to a decrease in the duration of irregular motor activity (phase II). Loperamide increased the transit time in the jejunum but not in the ileum or in the colon. Transport rates of water and electrolytes and transmural electrical potential differences were not significantly affected by the drug. These results suggest that opiates exert their constipating effect by inhibiting phase II-related irregular motor activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with head and neck cancer.

A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) was performed in 19 patients with cancers of head or neck. A commercially available gastrostomy set was used, but slight modifications were necessary in 4 patients. No serious complications were observed. The correct position and lack of any leak of gastric contents was verified by fluoroscopy in each case. These results confirm the experience of other groups, showing that the present technique of the PEG is reasonably safe and easy to perform.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Nitrate and nitrite in normal gastric juice. Precursors of the endogenous N-nitroso compound synthesis.

The nitrate and nitrite levels of 75 gastric juice samples from young and healthy fasting volunteers were examined. For both parameters a dependence on the specific pH value of the secretion was detected. The rise of the nitrite level from normal 0.1 ppm in the acid to 1.4 ppm in the neutral range can be explained by the activity of the bacterial flora even in the healthy stomach, which has already been demonstrated earlier. The hitherto existing theory that nitrate originates exclusively from the salivary glands, and if not reduced to nitrite by bacteria in the mouth cavity, is brought into the stomach via swallowed saliva only, does not explain the observation that there is a rise in nitrate concentration in neutral juice, too. Further investigations have to be made to see whether there are other endogenous sources of nitrate except the salivary glands in the gastrointestinal tract. The environmental pollutant nitrate must be paid more attention to in future.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Antacids and gastric mucosal protection.

Aluminum hydroxide-containing antacids have a protective effect on the stomach in that they prevent grossly visible mucosal necrosis and hemorrhages produced by noxious agents, such as aspirin or absolute ethanol. Histologically, this protective effect is mainly confined to the tissue located deep in the gastric mucosa, essentially comprising gastric glands, while the damage to the surface epithelium is not significantly lessened. Accordingly, integrity parameters of the superficial epithelial layer (potential difference, mucous secretion, cell desquamation) do not indicate a protective action of antacids against damage by necrotizing agents. By contrast, significantly diminished microbleeding rates do suggest that protection by antacids works at a deeper level within the mucosa. The protective action of antacids may be mediated, at least partly, by endogenous prostaglandins, which were found to be elevated in this context.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Antacid protection of gastric mucosa.

Antacids containing aluminum hydroxide are protective for the stomach in that they prevent grossly visible mucosal necrosis and hemorrhages produced by noxious agents such as aspirin or absolute ethanol. Histologically, this protective effect is confined mainly to the tissue located deep in the gastric mucosa, essentially comprising gastric glands, while the damage to the surface epithelium is not significantly lessened. Accordingly, integrity parameters of the superficial epithelial layer (potential difference, mucus secretion, cell desquamation) do not indicate a protective action of antacids against damage by necrotizing agents. By contrast, significantly diminished microbleeding rates do suggest that protection by antacids works at a level deeper within the mucosa. The protective action of antacids may be mediated, at least in part, by endogenous prostaglandins, which were found to be elevated in this context.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗
PubMed1985

Current aspects of intestinal motility and transport.

The fact that interactions exist between intestinal motility and epithelial transport ist intuitively obvious but difficult to define experimentally. Direction, velocity and rate of flow of intestinal contents depend on the absolute and relative frequency and on the force of stationary and propagated lumen-obliterating (ring) contractions. The motility pattern differs between the fasting and the postprandial state and so do the magnitude and patterns of flow. The fed pattern of motility is primarily modulated by the chemical composition of ingested meals. Changes in epithelial transport are associated with changes in motility and vice versa; these changes are initiated by physical forces or by neuroendocrine reflex activation. Stomach, small intestine and colon are coordinated by antegrade stimulatory and retrograde inhibitory mechanisms which secure completeness of nutrient absorption and facilitate elimination of food residues. Motility and epithelial transport are controlled by intramural and central neural stimulation and by hormones acting systemically, locally (paracrine action), or as neuromodulators.

Colon↗
PubMed1985

[Bacterial colonization of the stomach caused by acid neutralization and inhibition of stomach emptying].

Gastric bacterial overgrowth was studied in 8 healthy volunteers. Total bacterial counts, nitrate-reducing bacteria and nitrite concentration were determined in fasting gastric juice before and after 4 weeks of treatment with a strong or with a mild antacid drug, a placebo preparation and the spasmolytic agent papaverine which is known to inhibit gastric evacuation. Placebo therapy and the mild antacid did not change any of the above parameters studied. The strong antacid caused a significant increase in the pH of gastric contents which was accompanied by an enormous increase in total bacterial counts, nitrate-reducing bacteria and nitrite concentration. Papaverine which did not cause a significant elevation of pH also definitely increased bacterial counts and nitrite concentration of gastric juice. Four weeks following termination of each treatment procedure, however, all changes outlined above had returned to pretreatment values. These results indicate that reversible gastric bacterial overgrowth under therapeutical conditions may occur when acidity of the stomach is reduced or gastric evacuation is retarded.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Enteral tube feeding--an alternative to parenteral infusion therapy].

Nasoenteral alimentation is less hazardous, cheaper and more physiological than parenteral nutrition. Serious complications of tube feeding such as bleeding from esophageal lesions or aspiration pneumonia have become rare since soft silicone-rubber or polyurethane tubes are used and the diets are delivered into the jejunum rather than into the stomach. The costs of full enteral alimentation are 25 to 50% of that caused by total parenteral nutrition. For intraduodenal or intrajejunal feeding continuous infusion of an elemental or oligopeptide diet is necessary. At the beginning of the feeding program infusion rate must be slowly increased over four to five days to avoid diarrhea, abdominal cramping and vomiting. The caloric requirements depend on the extent of protein energy malnutrition and hypercatabolism of the individual patient. Although follow-up of the patient's nutritional status and water- and electrolyte balance in the hospital must be extremely close at the beginning, tube feeding can be continued--if necessary--by home enteral nutrition later on.

Endophthalmitis↗
PubMed1984

Acute ulcerative colitis--a rare complication of sulfasalazine therapy.

A 43-year-old female suffering from ulcerative colitis did not improve under therapy with sulfasalazine. Following withdrawal of sulfasalazine and its replacement by systemic steroids and metronidazole++ she went into clinical and endoscopic remission. A second trial with sulfasalazine was, again, followed by a rapid and sever relapse of the colitis. On discontinuation of sulfasalazine therapy, gross inflammation resolved immediately. This adverse reaction to sulfasalazine has been reported previously in only four cases. The pathophysiology of this event is unknown.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1984

[Dynamics of endogenous bacterial nitrite formation in the stomach. 1. Follow-up studies in humans under natural conditions].

The fasting gastric secretion was analysed both bacteriologically and chemically in 15 young, voluntary test subjects with histories of a healthy stomach and physiological gastric secretion tests (Basal Acid Output, Peak Acid Output) made at regular intervals of two and 4 weeks over a period of three and six months. Two thirds of the persons studied showed during the entire period of examination the same pH values with tolerable variations and, as a result, the same order of magnitude for the total germ count, the colony count of the nitrite-forming bacteria and for the NO2- concentration. From this the conclusion can be drawn that, depending on the acidity of the individual stomach, there is an autonomous bacterial flora, which repeated examinations have shown to remain unaltered in quality and quantity. It was only in one third of the test persons that major variations of the pH values could be recorded occasionally. This, however, invariably led to corresponding changes in the bacteriological and chemical parameters. For requirements imposed by preventive medicine and hygiene, in future greater attention must be paid to the bacterial flora of the intact stomach, while making due allowance for the endogenous nitrite formation.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Motility inhibitors and secretion inhibitors].

Antidiarrheal substances interfering with either intestinal motility or intestinal secretion have been used for the management of acute diarrhea. Opiates are the motility inhibitors that appear particularly useful and among these drugs loperamide is the drug of choice due to its low risk of side effects. The question whether antisecretory effects of opiates observed in certain animal experiments is contributory to their antidiarrheal activity in man has not yet been definitely settled. With the exception of chlorpromazine that was felt to be especially useful in cholera, no other antisecretory drug has been used successfully against acute diarrhea. However, future development of new compounds may lead to drugs with potent anti-secretory activity but without unwanted extraintestinal side-effects.

Chlorpromazine↗