The public's view of neurasthenia in Germany: looking for a new rhythm of life.
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Advertising↗
Biomedical subjects
H P Schmiedebach
Publications and source records attributed to H P Schmiedebach.
[Discussion of medically supervised family care in Germany. Historical development of a policy for social integration of psychiatric patients].
This article is based on the thesis that family care in the 20th century was practiced mainly under pragmatical/economical and therapeutical aspects. Depending on time and place, one of the two aspects would dominate while the other would serve as supporting motive. The subject of this article is to examine selected models of family care in Germany at different times as to their aim regarding the social integration of psychiatric patients. The family care patients not only lived outside the psychiatric hospitals, but were usually employed in household, farming or trade of the foster home. So the integrative potential of family care was, and still is, aimed at establishing a living and working condition as "normal" as possible. Until 1945, patients who could not or were not allowed to return to a completely independent lifestyle, family care offered them the widest range of integration and freedom. The often observed long lasting stays in families, reflect this rise in quality of life, although many were formally still associated with the mental institution. Up to the fifties, family care can be evaluated as an attempt of psychiatric hospitals to encounter the social isolation of the mentally ill. Nowadays family care is seeing a certain renaissance as part of social psychiatry. It is however not always clear whether family care can serve as a mean of real integration in the sense of a completely independent living and working condition, or whether it leads only to an, even if permanent, extramural accommodation of the chronically ill patients.
Caregivers↗
[Open care--the Rodewisch theses--psychiatry enquete: 3 reform approaches compared].
AIM: The three most important German approaches for reforming psychiatric care in the 20th century--i.e. "open care" in the Weimer Republic in the 20ies, the "Rodewisch Theses" published in the GDR 1963, and the "Psychiatry-Enquete" in the Federal Republic in 1975--were compared using seven criteria. METHODS: Psychiatric and general medical journals were systematically searched for articles on aims and objectives of mental health care. RESULTS: All three approaches promoted stronger community based care. None of them suggested an "empowerment" as it is understood today. Differences between them concerned equal care for mentally and physically ill patients, international relations, and economic arguments. Comparisons on other criteria, e.g. the relationship with university psychiatry, yield a less clear picture. CONCLUSIONS: All three ideas for reforms have been successful--to a limited and different extent. They resemble each other in essential principles, but there are also substantial differences.
Community Mental Health Services↗
The Prussian state and microbiological research--Friedrich Loeffler and his approach to the "invisible" virus.
When Loeffler took his first steps in the newly-emerging field of virology, the aim and the methods of his research activities were influenced by two different issues: 1) Loeffler was rooted in the scientific paradigm of bacteriology, but during the progress of his research on foot-and-mouth-disease (FMD) he recognized that the classical techniques derived from bacteriology were useless in identifying the agent of this disease. Thus he focussed on the properties of the pathogen and--though he could not find a method in order to visualize the 'virus'--he tried to develop a vaccine against the disease. 2) The Prussian Government was highly interested in effectively combatting FMD. In 1897 Loeffler was appointed by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs to the newly-established commission for exploring that disease. The agricultural lobbies and the public pursued the activities of the commission with a mixture of hope and serious scepticism and demanded convincing results. These circumstances caused a considerable degree of political pressure on Loeffler, pressure which determined that his research activities would take a pragmatic approach, that he would avoid sophisticated reflections and trials on the nature of the 'virus', and that his research strategies would have as a goal the development of an effective immunization.
Animals↗
Post-traumatic neurosis in nineteenth-century Germany: a disease in political, juridical and professional context.
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Accidents↗
[Social psychiatry and social aspects of psychiatry--on the historical applications of the concepts].
In German language the two terms "Soziale Psychiatrie" and "Sozialpsychiatrie" are used without any clear distinction. In this paper a historical analysis of the connotations of the two terms is made while underlying concepts are not considered. In the 19th century the words social and medicine were connected. At the beginning of the 20th century the terms "Soziale Psychiatrie" and "Sozialpsychiatrie" appeared in German as synonyma. In Germany-unlike, for instance, in the USA-ideas of segregation of the mentally ill and of eugenics were also regarded as "Soziale Psychiatrie". In difference to this connotation "Soziale Psychiatrie" described intentedly ideological positions in the 70's, while a certain of area of research was rather associated with "Sozialpsychiatrie". Finally, a more precise use of the terms is suggested for current discussions.
Community Psychiatry↗
Reflections on medical history - its development, function and implementation.
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Education↗
[Experimental medicine--the contributions of Traube and Virchow].
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Berlin↗
["Parasitism" and natural science methods. On the union of traditional disease concepts and modern research].
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Germany↗
[Robert Remak (1815-1865). A jewish physician and researcher between recognition and rejection].
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Embryology↗